{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:25:55Z","timestamp":1789993555320,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]],"date-time":"2012-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The transmission of the bacterium<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>(the pneumococcus) marks the first step toward disease development. To date, our ability to prevent pneumococcal transmission has been limited by our lack of understanding regarding the factors which influence the spread of this pathogen. We have previously developed an infant mouse model of pneumococcal transmission which was strictly dependent on influenza A virus (IAV) coinfection of both the experimentally colonized \u201cindex mice\u201d and the naive cohoused \u201ccontact mice.\u201d Here, we sought to use this model to further elucidate the factors which facilitate<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>transmission. In the present report, we demonstrate that increasing the nasopharyngeal load of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>in the colonized index mice (via the depletion of neutrophils) and inducing a proinflammatory response in the naive cohoused contact mice (as demonstrated by cytokine production) facilitates<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>transmission. Thus, these data provide the first insights into the factors that help mediate the spread of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>throughout the community.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>(the pneumococcus) is a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality and is a leading cause of death among children under the age of five years. Transmission of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>marks the first step toward disease development. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence the spread of pneumococci throughout the community plays an essential role in preventing pneumococcal disease. We previously developed the first reproducible infant mouse model for pneumococcal transmission and showed that coinfection with influenza virus facilitates the spread of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>. Here, we show that increasing the bacterial load in the nasal cavity of colonized individuals as well as inducing an inflammatory response in naive \u201ccontact cases\u201d facilitates the spread of pneumococci. Therefore, this study helps to identify the factors which must be inhibited in order to successfully prevent pneumococcal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00255-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]],"date-time":"2012-09-26T13:16:54Z","timestamp":1348665414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Increased Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Titers and Local Inflammation Facilitate Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Kirsty R.","family":"Short","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Reading","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri A.","family":"Diavatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odilia L.","family":"Wijburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200107000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"110","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccines","volume":"78","author":"WHO","year":"2003","unstructured":"WHO . 2003. Pneumococcal vaccines. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 78:110\u2013119.","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.6.923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811000884"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01551-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.1.62"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"322","article-title":"Household transmission of pneumococcal pneumonia associated with pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009","volume":"48","author":"Ujiie M","year":"2010","unstructured":"UjiieM . 2010. Household transmission of pneumococcal pneumonia associated with pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 48:322\u2013327. 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Using bioluminescent imaging to investigate synergism between Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus in infant mice. J. Vis. Exp.:e2357.","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.5.2399","article-title":"Selective expression of Ly-6G on myeloid lineage cells in mouse bone marrow. RB6-8C5 MAb to granulocyte-differentiation antigen (Gr-1) detects members of the Ly-6 family","volume":"151","author":"Fleming TJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"FlemingTJ FlemingML MalekTR . 1993. Selective expression of Ly-6G on myeloid lineage cells in mouse bone marrow. RB6-8C5 MAb to granulocyte-differentiation antigen (Gr-1) detects members of the Ly-6 family. J. Immunol. 151:2399\u20132408.","journal-title":"J. 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