{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:07:04Z","timestamp":1791299224899,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]],"date-time":"2012-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Investigation of the human microbiome has revealed diverse and complex microbial communities at distinct anatomic sites. The microbiome of the human sebaceous follicle provides a tractable model in which to study its dominant bacterial inhabitant,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Propionibacterium acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the human disease acne. To explore the diversity of the bacteriophages that infect\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            , 11\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            phages were isolated from the sebaceous follicles of donors with healthy skin or acne and their genomes were sequenced. Comparative genomic analysis of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            phage population, which spans a 30-year temporal period and a broad geographic range, reveals striking similarity in terms of genome length, percent GC content,  nucleotide identity (&gt;85%), and gene content. This was unexpected, given the far-ranging diversity observed in virtually all other phage populations. Although the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            phages display a broad host range against clinical isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            , two bacterial isolates were resistant to many of these phages. Moreover, the patterns of phage resistance correlate closely with the presence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat elements in the bacteria that target a specific subset of phages, conferring a system of prokaryotic innate immunity. The limited diversity of the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            bacteriophages, which may relate to the unique evolutionary constraints imposed by the lipid-rich anaerobic environment in which their bacterial hosts reside, points to the potential utility of phage-based antimicrobial therapy for acne.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Propionibacterium acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a dominant member of the skin microflora and has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of acne; however, little is known about the bacteriophages that coexist with and infect this bacterium. Here we present the novel genome sequences of 11\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            phages, thereby substantially increasing the amount of available genomic information about this phage population. Surprisingly, we find that, unlike other well-studied bacteriophages,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            phages are highly homogeneous and show a striking lack of genetic diversity, which is perhaps related to their unique and restricted habitat. They also share a broad ability to kill clinical isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. acnes<\/jats:named-content>\n            ; phage resistance is not prevalent, but when detected, it appears to be conferred by chromosomally encoded immunity elements within the host genome. We believe that these phages display numerous features that would make them ideal candidates for the development of a phage-based therapy for acne.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00279-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]],"date-time":"2012-09-26T13:16:54Z","timestamp":1348665414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Propionibacterium acnes Bacteriophages Display Limited Genetic Diversity and Broad Killing Activity against Bacterial Skin Isolates"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Marinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorel","family":"Fitz-Gibbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarmyra","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Anya Loncaric, Solta Medical, Inc., Hayward, California, USA; Clarmyra Hayes, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 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