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Human monoclonal antibodies identified antigenic sites in NA that changed early after the new pandemic virus emerged. The reactivity of ferret antisera demonstrated antigenic drift of A(H1N1)pdm09 NA from 2013 onward. Passive transfer of serum raised against A\/California\/7\/2009 was less effective than ferret serum against the homologous virus in protecting mice against a virus with the NA of more recent virus, A\/Michigan\/45\/2015. Given the long-standing observation that NA-inhibiting antibodies are associated with resistance against disease in humans, these data demonstrate the importance of evaluating NA drift and suggest that vaccine effectiveness might be improved by selecting viruses for vaccine production that have NAs antigenically similar to those of circulating influenza viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00307-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T10:39:45Z","timestamp":1554719985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Antigenic Drift of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Neuraminidase Results in Reduced Effectiveness of A\/California\/7\/2009 (H1N1pdm09)-Specific Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Couzens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongquan","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Memoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, South Mimms, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Wrammert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafi","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery K.","family":"Taubenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron A. 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