{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T01:45:43Z","timestamp":1791078343887,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]],"date-time":"2012-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]],"date-time":"2012-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The accumulation of genomic structural variation between closely related populations over time can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation. The fungal pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is thought to have recently diversified, forming a species complex containing members with distinct morphologies, distributions, and pathologies of infection. We have investigated structural changes in genomic architecture such as inversions and translocations that distinguish the most pathogenic variety,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>grubii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , from the less clinically prevalent\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . Synteny analysis between the genomes of the three\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species\/varieties (strains H99, JEC21, and R265) reveals that\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>grubii<\/jats:italic>\n                    possesses surprisingly few unique genomic rearrangements. All but one are relatively small and are shared by all molecular subtypes of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>grubii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In contrast, the large translocation peculiar to the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>grubii<\/jats:italic>\n                    type strain is found in all tested subcultures from multiple laboratories, suggesting that it has possessed this rearrangement since its isolation from a human clinical sample. Furthermore, we find that the translocation directly disrupts two genes. The first of these encodes a novel protein involved in metabolism of glucose at human body temperature and affects intracellular levels of trehalose. The second encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor that modulates melanin production. Both mutations would be predicted to increase pathogenicity; however, when recreated in an alternate genetic background, these mutations do not affect virulence in animal models. The type strain of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>grubii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in which the majority of molecular studies have been performed is therefore atypical for carbon metabolism and key virulence attributes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    The fungal pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major cause of mortality among the immunocompromised population, primarily in AIDS patients of sub-Saharan Africa. Most research into the particular variety of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    responsible for the vast majority of infections,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>grubii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is performed using the type strain isolated in 1978 from a Hodgkin\u2019s disease patient from North Carolina. We have determined that this particular isolate contains a chromosomal translocation that directly interrupts two genes, which all descendants of this strain from various research laboratories appear to possess. Disruption of these two genes affects multiple virulence factors of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , particularly the ability to grow at human body temperature, which could have wide-ranging implications for molecular genetic studies and virulence assays using this important strain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00310-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]],"date-time":"2012-02-28T22:27:59Z","timestamp":1330468079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A Unique Chromosomal Rearrangement in the Cryptococcus neoformans var.\n                    <i>grubii<\/i>\n                    Type Strain Enhances Key Phenotypes Associated with Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Carl A.","family":"Morrow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. Russel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eve W. L.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate L.","family":"Ormerod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Goldinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Edmond J.","family":"Byrnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Heitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst Joachim","family":"Schirra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136678"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02187-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01537.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60249-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.22.7.448"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1998119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.103622.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.640303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00342-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.6.1531-1534.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90354-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.103325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Cryptococcus: from human pathogen to model yeast","author":"Perfect JR","year":"2010","unstructured":"PerfectJR CasadevallA . 2010. 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