{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:45:35Z","timestamp":1791917135494,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,12]],"date-time":"2011-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,29]],"date-time":"2011-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            represents both an environmental pathogen and a widely distributed microbial species comprised of closely related strains occurring in the tropical to temperate coastal ocean across the globe (Colwell RR, Science 274:2025\u20132031, 1996; Griffith DC, Kelly-Hope LA, Miller MA, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:973\u2013977, 2006; Reidl J, Klose KE, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 26:125\u2013139, 2002). However, although this implies dispersal and growth across diverse environmental conditions, how locally successful populations assemble from a possibly global gene pool, relatively unhindered by geographic boundaries, remains poorly understood. Here, we show that environmental\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            possesses two, largely distinct gene pools: one is vertically inherited and globally well mixed, and the other is local and rapidly transferred across species boundaries to generate an endemic population structure. While phylogeographic analysis of isolates collected from Bangladesh and the U.S. east coast suggested strong panmixis for protein-coding genes, there was geographic structure in integrons, which are the only genomic islands present in all strains of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            (Chun J, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:15442\u201315447, 2009) and are capable of acquiring and expressing mobile gene cassettes. Geographic differentiation in integrons arises from high gene turnover, with acquisition from a locally cooccurring sister species being up to twice as likely as exchange with conspecific but geographically distant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            populations.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Functional predictions of integron genes show the predominance of secondary metabolism and cell surface modification, which is consistent with a role in competition and predation defense. We suggest that the integron gene pool\u2019s distinctness and tempo of sharing are adaptive in allowing rapid conversion of genomes to reflect local ecological constraints. Because the integron is frequently the main element differentiating clinical strains (Chun J, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:15442\u201315447, 2009) and its recombinogenic activity is directly stimulated by environmental stresses (Guerin E, et al., Science 324:1034, 2009), these observations are relevant for local emergence and subsequent dispersal.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00335-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]],"date-time":"2011-04-13T02:41:09Z","timestamp":1302662469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Local Mobile Gene Pools Rapidly Cross Species Boundaries To Create Endemicity within Global Vibrio cholerae Populations"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Boucher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto X.","family":"Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana E.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Schliep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique 7138, Syst\u00e9matique, Adaptation, Evolution, Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, 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