{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:04:01Z","timestamp":1790834641004,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,13]],"date-time":"2013-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The importance of livestock as a source of bacterial pathogens with the potential for epidemic spread in human populations is unclear. In recent years, there has been a global increase in community-associated methicillin-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            (CA-MRSA) infections of healthy humans, but an understanding of the different evolutionary origins of CA-MRSA clones and the basis for their recent expansion is lacking. Here, using a high-resolution phylogenetic approach, we report the discovery of two emergent clones of human epidemic CA-MRSA which resulted from independent livestock-to-human host jumps by the major bovine\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            complex, CC97. Of note, one of the new clones was isolated from human infections on four continents, demonstrating its global dissemination since the host jump occurred over 40\u00a0years ago. The emergence of both human\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            clones coincided with the independent acquisition of mobile genetic elements encoding antimicrobial resistance and human-specific mediators of immune evasion, consistent with an important role for these genetic events in the capacity to survive and transmit among human populations. In conclusion, we provide evidence that livestock represent a reservoir for the emergence of new human-pathogenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            clones with the capacity for pandemic spread. These findings have major public health implications highlighting the importance of surveillance for early identification of emergent clones and improved transmission control measures at the human-livestock interface.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Animals are the major source of new pathogens affecting humans. However, the potential for pathogenic bacteria that originally were found in animals to switch hosts and become widely established in human populations is not clear. Here, we report the discovery of emergent clones of methicillin-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            (MRSA) that originated in livestock and switched to humans, followed by host-adaptive evolution and epidemic spread in global human populations. Our findings demonstrate that livestock can act as a reservoir for the emergence of new human bacterial clones with potential for pandemic spread, highlighting the potential role of surveillance and biosecurity measures in the agricultural setting for preventing the emergence of new human pathogens.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00356-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]],"date-time":"2013-08-14T03:01:42Z","timestamp":1376449302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":191,"title":["Livestock Origin for a Human Pandemic Clone of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Spoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"McAdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy A.","family":"Weinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Rambaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Hasman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank M.","family":"Aarestrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Kearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Services, Colindale, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders R.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Antimicrobial Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Antimicrobial Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Ross","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410701647560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909285106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00305-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00027-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201202413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.009837-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4737-4743.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00493-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.028381-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4559-4564.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Inoculation of the bovine teat duct with Staph. aureus: the relationship of teat duct length, milk yield and milking rate to development of intramammary infection","volume":"9","author":"Prasad LB","year":"1968","unstructured":"PrasadLB NewbouldFH . 1968. 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