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While related\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      species are hyperflagellated,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      maintains strict monoflagellation through the FleQ-FleN regulatory circuit. Here, we demonstrate that FleN dosage is essential for maintaining monoflagellation and fitness. Confirming earlier reports, wild-type\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      displayed unipolar monoflagellation, whereas \u2206\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fleN<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants developed multiple flagella, frequently more than four, in unipolar or bipolar arrangements. These hyperflagellated cells showed marked fitness defects, including reduced growth, attenuated virulence in a nematode infection model, and a competitive disadvantage in co-culture. The virulence defect reflected hyperflagellation rather than the loss of motility, since a non-flagellated \u2206\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fliC<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant retained full pathogenicity. Notably, \u2206\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fleN<\/jats:italic>\n                      cells rapidly evolved suppressor mutations in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fleQ<\/jats:italic>\n                      that partially restored growth and motility without always restoring monoflagellation. Five independent suppressor alleles mapped to key FleQ domains, four in the AAA+ ATPase domain, and one in the DNA-binding domain, consistent with reduced FleQ activity that rebalances the circuit. Single-cell holographic tracking showed that suppressor strains swim with heterogeneous dynamics, including subpopulations that reach wild-type (WT) speeds, despite carrying multiple flagella. Quantitative proteomics indicated that the fitness burden extends beyond flagellar components, with protein-abundance changes across metabolism, stress responses, and signaling. Conversely, selection under high-viscosity conditions drove wild-type cells to acquire enhanced spreading through a recurrent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fleN<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutation,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fleN<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V178G<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      ; multiflagellation is therefore accessible. Together, these findings indicate that the FleQ-FleN circuit balances the flagellar number against fitness, holding\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      at a single flagellum while retaining the latent capacity to reach multiflagellated states through single mutations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Bacterial flagella are extracellular appendages that rotate to propel the cell and enable swimming motility. While some bacteria have multiple flagella, many pathogenic species like\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        have just one. Surprisingly, mutants of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        with multiple flagella performed worse, that is, they grew more slowly, were less infectious in laboratory animals, and were outcompeted by wild-type bacteria. Even when some mutant bacteria evolved compensatory changes, they still struggled compared to single-flagellum bacteria. This reveals an important evolutionary trade-off: while multiple flagella might seem advantageous for movement, having just one flagellum allows the bacteria to grow faster and cause more severe infections. This plasticity likely explains why\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        is so successful both in the environment and as a human pathogen.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00360-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:00:31Z","timestamp":1785934831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The FleQ-FleN circuit balances flagellar number against fitness in\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anali","family":"Migueles-Lozano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mw5h28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology, University of 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