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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is primarily spread by direct contact between infected and naive individuals, although the high levels of virus shed by infected animals mean that virus can also be spread through contact with contaminated environments. Using a series of transmission experiments, we demonstrate that environmental transmission alone would be sufficient to sustain an outbreak. Key observations include that a risk of transmission exists before clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are apparent in cattle and that survival of virus in the environment extends the transmission risk period. This study highlights the role a contaminated environment can play in the transmission of FMDV and presents approaches that can also be applied to study the transmission of other pathogens that are able to survive in the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00381-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T09:10:45Z","timestamp":1596445845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Quantifying the Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle via a Contaminated Environment"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1098-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Colenutt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Met Office, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Paton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phaedra","family":"Ebl\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0538-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Gubbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02144-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809026106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0156-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9975(03)00041-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35077149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1702(02)00262-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1960.tb40941.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"549","article-title":"Persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animals, their products and the environment","volume":"71","author":"Cottral GE","year":"1969","unstructured":"Cottral GE. 1969. 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