{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:18:26Z","timestamp":1772547506094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Methamphetamine (METH) is a major addictive drug of abuse in the United States and worldwide, and its use is linked to HIV acquisition. The encapsulated fungus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            is the most common cause of fungal meningitis in patients with AIDS. In addition to functioning as a central nervous system stimulant, METH has diverse effects on host immunity. Using a systemic mouse model of infection and\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            assays in order to critically assess the impact of METH on\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogenesis, we demonstrate that METH stimulates fungal adhesion, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) release, and biofilm formation in the lungs. Interestingly, structural analysis of the capsular polysaccharide of METH-exposed cryptococci revealed that METH alters the carbohydrate composition of this virulence factor, an event of adaptation to external stimuli that can be advantageous to the fungus during pathogenesis. Additionally, we show that METH promotes\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            dissemination from the respiratory tract into the brain parenchyma. Our findings provide novel evidence of the impact of METH abuse on host homeostasis and increased permissiveness to opportunistic microorganisms.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Methamphetamine (METH) is a major health threat to our society, as it adversely changes people\u2019s behavior, as well as increases the risk for the acquisition of diverse infectious diseases, particularly those that enter through the respiratory tract or skin. This report investigates the effects of METH use on pulmonary infection by the AIDS-related fungus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            . This drug of abuse stimulates colonization and biofilm formation in the lungs, followed by dissemination of the fungus to the central nervous system. Notably,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            modifies its capsular polysaccharide after METH exposure, highlighting the fungus\u2019s ability to adapt to environmental stimuli, a possible explanation for its pathogenesis. The findings may translate into new knowledge and development of therapeutic and public health strategies to deal with the devastating complications of METH abuse.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00400-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,31]],"date-time":"2013-07-31T01:33:16Z","timestamp":1375234396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Methamphetamine Enhances Cryptococcus neoformans Pulmonary Infection and Dissemination to the Brain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Dhavan","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University Post, Brookville, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunjan M.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University Post, Brookville, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Frases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radames J. 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