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The development of inhibitors of these pumps would be highly desirable; however, several issues have thus far hindered all efforts at designing new efflux inhibitory compounds devoid of adverse effects. An alternative route to\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    design relies on the use of marketed drugs, for which side effects on human health have been already assessed. In this work, we provide experimental evidence that the antipsychotic drugs chlorpromazine and amitriptyline are inhibitors of the AcrB transporter, the engine of the major RND efflux pumps in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n                    serovar Typhimurium. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    calculations have provided a molecular-level picture of the inhibition mechanism, allowing rationalization of experimental data and paving the way for similar studies with other classes of marketed compounds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00465-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T10:05:07Z","timestamp":1591005907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Chlorpromazine and Amitriptyline Are Substrates and Inhibitors of the AcrB Multidrug Efflux Pump"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1211-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Grimsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobials Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Fais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobials Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobials Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Ciusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobials Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack W.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobials Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alasdair","family":"Ivens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh Ashworth Labs, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Malloci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Ruggerone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4013-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attilio V.","family":"Vargiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy"},{"name":"Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science\u2014Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J. 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