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Analysis of the host transcriptome from infected muscle tissues indicated that many genes were upregulated compared to the results seen with mock-infected mice. These genes were enriched for host defense pathways, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Nod-like receptor (NLR) signaling components. Real-time PCR confirmed that host TLR2 and NLRP3 inflammasome genes were induced in response to\n            <jats:italic>C.\u00a0perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            infection. Comparison of the transcriptome of\n            <jats:italic>C.\u00a0perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            cells from the infected tissues with that from broth cultures showed that host selective pressure induced a global change in\n            <jats:italic>C.\u00a0perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            gene expression. A total of 33% (923) of\n            <jats:italic>C.\u00a0perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            genes were differentially regulated, including 10 potential virulence genes that were upregulated relative to their expression\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . These genes encoded putative proteins that may be involved in the synthesis of cell wall-associated macromolecules, in adhesion to host cells, or in protection from host cationic antimicrobial peptides. This report presents the first successful expression profiling of coregulated transcriptomes of bacterial and host genes during a clostridial myonecrosis infection and provides new insights into disease pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            is the causative agent of traumatic clostridial myonecrosis, or gas gangrene. In this study, we carried out transcriptional analysis of both the host and the bacterial pathogen in a mouse myonecrosis infection. The results showed that in comparison to mock-infected control tissues, muscle tissues from\n            <jats:italic>C.\u00a0perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected mice had a significantly altered gene expression profile. In particular, the expression of many genes involved in the innate immune system was upregulated. Comparison of the expression profiles of\n            <jats:italic>C.\u00a0perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n            cells isolated from the infected tissues with those from equivalent broth cultures identified many potential virulence genes that were significantly upregulated\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . These studies have provided a new understanding of the range of factors involved in host-pathogen interactions in a myonecrosis infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00473-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T09:46:36Z","timestamp":1522057596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Concurrent Host-Pathogen Transcriptional Responses in a\n            <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>\n            Murine Myonecrosis Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lee-Yean","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodee","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, School of Clinical Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn M.","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel C.","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, School of Clinical Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, School of Clinical Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linden J.","family":"Gearing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, School of Clinical Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackie K.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hertzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, School of Clinical Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2126-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian I.","family":"Rood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"753","volume-title":"The prokaryotes: a handbook on the biology of bacteria","author":"Rood JI","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rood JI. 2007. 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