{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:33:15Z","timestamp":1791513195137,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]],"date-time":"2013-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Bacteria that express contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems outcompete siblings that lack immunity, suggesting that CDI mediates intercellular competition. To further explore the role of CDI in competition, we determined the target cell range of the CDI\n            <jats:sup>EC93<\/jats:sup>\n            system from\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            EC93. The CdiA\n            <jats:sup>EC93<\/jats:sup>\n            effector protein recognizes the widely conserved BamA protein as a receptor, yet\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            EC93 does not inhibit other enterobacterial species. The predicted membrane topology of BamA indicates that three of its extracellular loops vary considerably between species, suggesting that loop heterogeneity may control CDI specificity. Consistent with this hypothesis, other enterobacteria are sensitized to CDI\n            <jats:sup>EC93<\/jats:sup>\n            upon the expression of\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            .\u00a0\n            <jats:italic>coli bamA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells become CDI\n            <jats:sup>EC93<\/jats:sup>\n            resistant when\n            <jats:italic>bamA<\/jats:italic>\n            is replaced with alleles from other species. Our data indicate that BamA loops 6 and 7 form the CdiA\n            <jats:sup>EC93<\/jats:sup>\n            -binding epitope and their variation between species restricts CDI\n            <jats:sup>EC93<\/jats:sup>\n            target cell selection. Although BamA loops 6 and 7 vary dramatically between species, these regions are identical in hundreds of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains, suggesting that BamA\n            <jats:sup>Ecoli<\/jats:sup>\n            and CdiA\n            <jats:sup>EC93<\/jats:sup>\n            play a role in self-nonself discrimination.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria, enabling them to bind to neighboring bacterial cells and deliver protein toxins that inhibit cell growth. In this study, we tested the role of CDI in interspecies competition using intestinal isolate\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            EC93 as an inhibitor cell model. Although\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            EC93 inhibits different\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains, other bacterial species from the intestine are completely resistant to CDI. We show that resistance is due to small variations in the CDI receptor that prevent other species from being recognized as target cells. CDI receptor interactions thus provide a mechanism by which bacteria can distinguish siblings and other close relatives (self) from more distant relatives or other species of bacteria (nonself). Our results provide a possible means by which antimicrobials could be directed to one or only a few related bacterial pathogens by using a specific receptor \u201czip code.\u201d\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00480-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]],"date-time":"2013-07-24T16:40:23Z","timestamp":1374684023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Receptor Polymorphism Restricts Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition to Members of the Same Species"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Zachary C.","family":"Ruhe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam B.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA"},{"name":"Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA"},{"name":"Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02598.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01437-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.4.16463"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216238110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08039.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06404.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M504796200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04775.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200310092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04906.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02390.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"AcrAB and related multidrug efflux pumps of Escherichia coli","volume":"3","author":"Nikaido H","year":"2001","unstructured":"NikaidoH ZgurskayaHI . 2001. 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