{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:16:19Z","timestamp":1790381779410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5TL1TR001871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5TL1TR001871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32AI007641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AI007641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U19AI166798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U19AI166798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K12HD105250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K12HD105250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Biohub - San Francisco"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an endemic fungus that is increasing in prevalence and causes life-threatening diseases in immunocompetent people. In the environment, the spores (arthroconidia) develop into hyphae; however, when they are inhaled by a mammalian host, they develop into a unique form called the spherule. The transition to spherule can be triggered\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      with elevated temperatures and high CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels, but how the host triggers\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spherulation is not known. We used live imaging to investigate how macrophages affect the fate of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      arthroconidia. Under tissue culture conditions, arthroconidia quickly developed into hyphae. Remarkably, the addition of macrophages promoted spherule development and delayed hyphal formation. Macrophage supernatants were not sufficient to promote spherule development, and chemical blockade of phagocytosis inhibited spherule formation. Transcriptomics analysis of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      co-cultured with macrophages revealed a signature concordant with spherules grown\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and allowed the identification of a core set of 143 spherule-specific transcripts. Additionally, we identified 229\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      transcripts with significantly higher abundance in the presence of macrophages compared to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      generated spherules, suggesting that these factors may be needed for growth in the presence of innate immune cells; 48 induced transcripts were predicted to encode secreted proteins, suggesting a function at the host-pathogen interface. Taken together, this work highlights the capacity of macrophages to promote development of the parasitic form of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      and lays a foundation for uncovering host-pathogen signaling as well as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      factors that are critical for pathogenesis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Valley Fever is a disease caused by inhalation of the spores of the fungus,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. It can present like the flu, pneumonia, bone infections, or meningitis. Once inhaled, the spores change into a pathogenic form that allows the fungus to spread throughout the body and cause disease. How the spores make this transition in the body is not well understood. We investigated how immune cells affected this transition. We found that engulfment of spores by innate immune cells stimulated the transition to the pathogenic form of the fungus. We determined which fungal genes are induced during interactions with innate immune cells, potentially identifying genes that may be critical for the development of the pathogenic form. This work helps us understand how this pathogen is taking advantage of our immune system to survive and cause disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00492-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:01:33Z","timestamp":1779109293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Macrophage phagocytosis of\n                    <i>Coccidioides<\/i>\n                    promotes its differentiation into the parasitic form"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3408-4778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Symington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco","place":["San Francisco, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Voorhies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bevin C.","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco","place":["San Francisco, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CoLabs, University of California San Francisco","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apoorva","family":"Dabholkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3987-7534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anita","family":"Sil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco","place":["San Francisco, USA"]},{"name":"Biohub","place":["San Francisco, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw360"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.31.40"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.79.2.308-309.1960"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.72.6.784-792.1956"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00679-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003066"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13389"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00763-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.1.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.12.2951-2955.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"A study of stimuli leading to the production of spherules in coccidioidomycosis","volume":"47","author":"Baker O","year":"1956","unstructured":"Baker O, Braude AI. 1956. 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