{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:31:50Z","timestamp":1787016710197,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 125841, R01 167367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 125841, R01 167367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea, primarily affecting children in impoverished regions. Disease incidence is highest in toddlers 1\u20132 years of age. Acquisition of immunity over time reduces the risk of infection. However, the evolution of childhood immunity resulting from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure and the host responses that mediate protection remain poorly understood. Gaining insight into the immunological features that develop over time and prevent subsequent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection is critical for guiding vaccine design. We examined the antigenic repertoire and magnitude of humoral immunity to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in children &lt; 2 years of age from three endemic areas\u2014Bamako, Mali, and two sites (Afar and Tigray) in Ethiopia\u2014using a qualified multiplex assay. Serum IgG and IgA specific to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      proteins (IpaB, IpaC, IpaD, IpaH, and VirG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      2a,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      3a,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      6, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                      were measured in three stratified age groups: 6\u20138, 12\u201317, and 18\u201324 months. The youngest group (6- to 8-month-olds) exhibited similar antibody profiles across all sites. By contrast, antibody levels in the 12- to 17- and 18- to 24-month-old age groups varied by both age and site, reflecting geographical differences in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      endemicity and exposure. Notably, most children in the 12- to 17-month-old age group had IgG levels below the adult protective thresholds identified in controlled human infection models, identifying a critical window of vulnerability that would require intervention. Our findings underscore the importance and value of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      serosurveillance in children from endemic regions to inform future vaccine rollout decisions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                        is a major cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea, the most affected being young children from poor resource countries.\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                        species easily acquire antibiotic resistance, presenting a challenge to infection control. The development of vaccines for young children has been hindered by a lack of understanding of what constitutes protective immunity. Here, for the first time, we investigated the magnitude and specificity of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                        humoral immunity evoked by natural exposure in children 6 months to 2 years old living in Mali and Ethiopia (\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                        -endemic areas) using a qualified multiplex assay. Antibody profiles varied with age and region, revealing epidemiological trends. Children 12\u201317 months old were identified as the most vulnerable to infection. Antibodies specific for conserved\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                        proteins were higher in older children, affirming their potential as vaccine candidates.\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                        serosurveillance is useful in guiding public health interventions.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00555-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T09:00:41Z","timestamp":1744794041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<i>Shigella<\/i>\n                    humoral immunity during the first 2 years of life in children from endemic areas"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9975-7032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Esther","family":"Ndungo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ushasi","family":"Bhaumik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, 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