{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:46:49Z","timestamp":1793119609050,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,27]],"date-time":"2013-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            is one of the most common causes of fungal disease in HIV-infected persons, but not all of those who are infected develop cryptococcal disease (CD). Although CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell deficiency is a risk factor for HIV-associated CD, polymorphisms of phagocytic Fc gamma receptors (FCGRs) have been linked to CD risk in HIV-uninfected persons. To investigate associations between FCGR2A 131\u00a0H\/R and FCGR3A 158\u00a0F\/V polymorphisms and CD risk in HIV-infected persons, we performed PCR-based genotyping on banked samples from 164 men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS): 55 who were HIV infected and developed CD and a matched control group of 54 who were HIV infected and 55 who were HIV uninfected. Using additive and allelic statistical models for analysis, the high-affinity FCGR3A 158V allele was significantly associated with CD status after adjusting for race\/ethnicity (odds ratio [OR], 2.1;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.005), as was the FCGR3A 158 VV homozygous genotype after adjusting for race\/ethnicity, rate of CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell decline, and nadir CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell count (OR, 21;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.005). No associations between CD and FCGR2A 131\u00a0H\/R polymorphism were identified. In binding studies, human IgG (hIgG)-\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            complexes exhibited more binding to CHO-K1 cells expressing FCGR3A 158V than to those expressing FCGR3A 158F, and in cytotoxicity assays, natural killer (NK) cells expressing FCGR3A 158V induced more\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            -infected monocyte cytotoxicity than those expressing FCGR3A 158F. Together, these results show an association between the FCGR3A 158V allele and risk for HIV-associated CD and suggest that this polymorphism could promote\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathogenesis via increased binding of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            immune complexes, resulting in increased phagocyte cargo and\/or immune activation.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            HIV-associated CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell deficiency is a sine qua non for HIV-associated cryptococcal disease (CD), but not all patients with CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cell deficiency develop CD despite serological evidence of previous infection. At present, there are no biomarkers that predict HIV-associated CD risk. The goal of our study was to understand whether Fc gamma receptor (FCGR) polymorphisms that have been shown to portend CD risk in HIV-uninfected people are associated with CD risk in HIV-infected people. Such biomarkers could identify those who would benefit most from targeted prophylaxis and\/or earlier treatment, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where there are nearly a million cases of HIV-associated CD annually. A biomarker of risk could also identify potential candidates for immunization, should there be a vaccine for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00573-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,28]],"date-time":"2013-08-28T02:02:03Z","timestamp":1377655323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Fc Gamma Receptor 3A Polymorphism and Risk for HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Disease"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Soma","family":"Rohatgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &amp; Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Gohil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &amp; Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Kuniholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &amp; Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad","family":"Dufaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &amp; Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Armour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, John Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robbie B.","family":"Mailliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liise-anne","family":"Pirofski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine &amp; Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2006.00073.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb05568.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.10.1168-1176.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffac"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cryptococcal infections in non-HIV-infected patients","volume":"124","author":"Pappas PG","year":"2013","unstructured":"PappasPG . 2013. 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