{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:50:34Z","timestamp":1790794234883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Environmental pathogens survive and replicate within the outside environment while maintaining the capacity to infect mammalian hosts. For some microorganisms, mammalian infection may be a relatively rare event. Understanding how environmental pathogens retain their ability to cause disease may provide insight into environmental reservoirs of disease and emerging infections.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            survives as a saprophyte in soil but is capable of causing serious invasive disease in susceptible individuals. The bacterium secretes virulence factors that promote cell invasion, bacterial replication, and cell-to-cell spread. Recently, an\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            chitinase (ChiA) was shown to enhance bacterial infection in mice. Given that mammals do not synthesize chitin, the function of ChiA within infected animals was not clear. Here we have demonstrated that ChiA enhances\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            survival\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            through the suppression of host innate immunity.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            \u0394\n            <jats:italic>chiA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutants were fully capable of establishing bacterial replication within target organs during the first 48\u00a0h of infection. By 72 to 96\u00a0h postinfection, however, numbers of \u0394\n            <jats:italic>chiA<\/jats:italic>\n            bacteria diminished, indicative of an effective immune response to contain infection. The \u0394\n            <jats:italic>chiA<\/jats:italic>\n            -associated virulence defect could be complemented in\n            <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\n            by wild-type\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            , suggesting that secreted ChiA altered a target that resulted in a more permissive host environment for bacterial replication. ChiA secretion resulted in a dramatic decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and \u0394\n            <jats:italic>chiA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutant virulence was restored in\n            <jats:italic>NOS2<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\n              <jats:italic>\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n              \/\n              <jats:italic>\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:sup>\n            mice lacking iNOS. This work is the first to demonstrate modulation of a specific host innate immune response by a bacterial chitinase.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Bacterial chitinases have traditionally been viewed as enzymes that either hydrolyze chitin as a food source or serve as a defense mechanism against organisms containing structural chitin (such as fungi). Recent evidence indicates that bacterial chitinases and chitin-binding proteins contribute to pathogenesis, primarily via bacterial adherence to chitin-like molecules present on the surface of mammalian cells. In contrast, mammalian chitinases have been linked to immunity via inflammatory immune responses that occur outside the context of infection, and since mammals do not produce chitin, the targets of these mammalian chitinases have remained elusive. This work demonstrates that a\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n            -secreted chitinase has distinct functional roles that include chitin hydrolysis and suppression of host innate immunity. The established link between chitinase and the inhibition of host inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression may help clarify the thus far elusive relationship observed between mammalian chitinase enzymes and host inflammatory responses occurring in the absence of infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00617-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,24]],"date-time":"2013-03-24T13:08:39Z","timestamp":1364130519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The Listeria monocytogenes ChiA Chitinase Enhances Virulence through Suppression of Host Innate Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Swarnava","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin N.","family":"Gantner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Cianciotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.57"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"338","article-title":"Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food\u2014selected sites, United States","volume":"53","author":"CDC","year":"2003","unstructured":"CDC . 2003. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food\u2014selected sites, United States. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 53:338\u2013343.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"333","article-title":"Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food\u201410 states","volume":"58","author":"CDC","year":"2009","unstructured":"CDC . 2009. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food\u201410 states. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 58:333\u2013337.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"1357","article-title":"Multistate outbreak of listeriosis associated with Jensen farms cantaloupe\u2014United States, August\u2013September 2011","volume":"60","author":"CDC","year":"2011","unstructured":"CDC . 2011. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis associated with Jensen farms cantaloupe\u2014United States, August\u2013September 2011. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 60:1357\u20131358.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. 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Constitutive activation of PrfA tilts the balance of Listeria monocytogenes fitness towards life within the host versus environmental survival. PLoS One 5:e15138. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0015138.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015138"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00617-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00617-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T01:50:46Z","timestamp":1646704246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.00617-12"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Howard A.","family":"Shuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Monack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.00617-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00617-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-12-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-02-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-03-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00617-12"}}