{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:19:42Z","timestamp":1791566382613,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"City of St Petersburgh Water Resources","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"US EPA Gulf of Mexico Award","award":["MX - 02D18022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MX - 02D18022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017688","name":"Porter Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Sewage contamination of environmental waters is increasingly assessed by measuring DNA from sewage-associated microorganisms in microbial source tracking (MST) approaches. However, DNA can persist through wastewater treatment and reach surface waters when treated sewage\/recycled water is discharged, which may falsely indicate pollution from untreated sewage. Recycled water discharged from an advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) facility into a Florida stream elevated the sewage-associated HF183 marker 1,000-fold, with a minimal increase in cultured\n              <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n              . The persistence of sewage-associated microorganisms was compared by qPCR in untreated sewage and recycled water from conventional wastewater treatment (CWT) and AWT facilities.\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              (EC23S857) and sewage-associated markers HF183, H8, and viral crAssphage CPQ_056 were always detected in untreated sewage (6.5\u20138.7 log\n              <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n              GC\/100 mL). Multivariate analysis found a significantly greater reduction of microbial variables via AWT vs CWT. Bacterial markers decayed ~4\u20135 log\n              <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n              through CWT, but CPQ_056 was ~100-fold more persistent. In AWT facilities, the log\n              <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n              reduction of all variables was ~5. In recycled water, bacterial marker concentrations were significantly correlated (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              \u2264 0.0136; tau \u2265 0.44); however, CPQ_056 was not correlated with any marker, suggesting varying drivers of decay. Concentrations of cultured\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              carrying the H8 marker (EcH8) in untreated sewage were 5.24\u20136.02 log\n              <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n              CFU\/100 mL, while no\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              was isolated from recycled water. HF183 and culturable EcH8 were also correlated in contaminated surface waters (odds ratio\n              <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n              = 1.701). Culturable EcH8 has a strong potential to differentiate positive MST marker signals arising from treated (e.g., recycled water) and untreated sewage discharged into environmental waters.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Genes in sewage-associated microorganisms are widely accepted indicators of sewage pollution in environmental waters. However, DNA persists through wastewater treatment and can reach surface waters when recycled water is discharged, potentially causing false-positive indications of sewage contamination. Previous studies have found that bacterial and viral sewage-associated genes persist through wastewater treatment; however, these studies did not compare different facilities or identify a solution to distinguish sewage from recycled water. In this study, we demonstrated the persistence of bacterial marker genes and the greater persistence of a viral marker gene (CPQ_056 of crAssphage) through varying wastewater treatment facilities. We also aim to provide a tool to confirm sewage contamination in surface waters with recycled water inputs. This work showed that the level of wastewater treatment affects the removal of microorganisms, particularly viruses, and expands our ability to identify sewage in surface waters.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00655-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T13:09:21Z","timestamp":1718197761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Persistence of sewage-associated genetic markers in advanced and conventional treated recycled water: implications for microbial source tracking in surface waters"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6627-7437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo E.","family":"Lobos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3404-2098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier F.","family":"Gallard-G\u00f3ngora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchi","family":"Korde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5556-4055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor","family":"Brodrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5246-2504","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valerie J.","family":"Harwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800047737"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6241"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.07.064"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.06.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12031"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","volume-title":"Method 1696: characterization of human fecal pollution in water by HF183\/BacR287 TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay","author":"Shanks O","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shanks O, Sivaganesan M, Kelty C, Haugland R. 2019. 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