{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:25:20Z","timestamp":1759335920492,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]],"date-time":"2013-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The devastating Haitian cholera outbreak that began in October 2010 is the first known cholera epidemic in this island nation. Epidemiological and genomic data have provided strong evidence that United Nations security forces from Nepal introduced toxigenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            O1, the cause of epidemic cholera, to Haiti shortly before the outbreak arose. However, some have contended that indigenous\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            contributed to the outbreak. In a recent paper (\n            <jats:italic>mBio<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:bold>4<\/jats:bold>\n            :e00398-13, 2013), L. S. Katz et al. explored the nature and rate of changes in this ancient pathogen\u2019s genome during an outbreak, based on whole-genome sequencing of 23 Haitian\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            clinical isolates obtained over a 20-month period. Notably, they detected point mutations, deletions, and inversions but found no insertion of horizontally transmitted DNA, arguing strongly against the idea that autochthonous\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            donated DNA to the outbreak strain. Furthermore, they found that Haitian epidemic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates were virtually untransformable. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that the Haitian isolates were nearly identical to isolates from Nepal and that the Nepalese-Haitian isolates were distinguishable from isolates circulating elsewhere in the world. Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Haitian isolates was consistent with a single introduction of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            to Haiti sometime between late July and late October 2010, dates remarkably concordant with epidemiological observations. In aggregate, this paper provides additional compelling evidence that the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain responsible for the Haitian cholera epidemic came from Nepal and illustrates the power of whole-genome-based analyses for epidemiology, pathogen evolution, and forensics.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00670-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]],"date-time":"2013-09-11T11:03:35Z","timestamp":1378897415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Deciphering the Origins and Tracking the Evolution of Cholera Epidemics with Whole-Genome-Based Molecular Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yonatan H.","family":"Grad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Waldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"HHMI, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"The ghost map","author":"Johnson S","year":"2006","unstructured":"JohnsonS . 2006. The ghost map. Riverhead, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1711.110958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012928"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03841.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00157-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207359109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00398-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0202"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00670-13","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00670-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T01:50:27Z","timestamp":1646704227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.00670-13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.00670-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00670-13","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2161-2129"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2150-7511"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-09-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00670-13"}}