{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:43:12Z","timestamp":1790800992565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI030927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI030927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI150476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI150476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI149928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI149928"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI140891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI140891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1762114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1762114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["007270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As a part of the innate immune system, humans encode proteins that inhibit viruses such as HIV-1. These broadly acting antiviral proteins do not protect humans from viral infections because viruses encode proteins that antagonize the host antiviral proteins to evade the innate immune system. One such example of a host antiviral protein is APOBEC3C (A3C), which weakly inhibits HIV-1. Here, we show that we can improve the antiviral activity of A3C by duplicating the DNA sequence to create a synthetic tandem domain and, furthermore, that the proteins thus generated are relatively resistant to the viral antagonist Vif. Together, these data give insights about how nature has evolved a defense against viral pathogens such as HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00737-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T13:13:34Z","timestamp":1587993214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["APOBEC3C Tandem Domain Proteins Create Super Restriction Factors against HIV-1"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mollie M.","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate H. D.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"UW Genome Sciences Graduate Program, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"UW Medical Scientist Training Program, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"Dingens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1267-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-6335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Emerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00290-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0284-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-12-71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02587-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607298200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.12.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0063-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05238-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06594-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-018-0459-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01976-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500382200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.8.3853-3862.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v8060155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000330"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00501-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051856"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01344-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00624-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21955-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01309-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01437-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.1997.0481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00971-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02230-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0590-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/13.6.583"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.849004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-8-98"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/87979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201111012"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00737-20","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.00737-20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T21:59:18Z","timestamp":1646690358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.00737-20"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.00737-20"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00737-20","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.03.27.012963","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00737-20"}}