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However, there is currently limited research on the interaction between gut microbiota and AF. Herein, we integrated the largest Chinese gut microbiota cohort (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 355) related to AF to date and identified a marked microbial imbalance in AF patients, characterized primarily by a significant reduction in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance. Using a rat model, we validated the role of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in lowering intestinal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and alleviating host inflammation and AF-related symptoms. Mechanistically, microbial network analysis revealed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      promotes the formation of \u201cLPS-reservoir modules,\u201d enhancing microbial community stability and reducing free LPS levels, thereby mitigating AF pathogenesis. These findings offer novel insights into the complex interplay among gut microbiota, LPS, and cardiovascular diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        AF is a common heart rhythm disorder with limited treatment options. While emerging evidence links AF to the gut microbiome, the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed a large cohort of AF patients and discovered a significant depletion of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                        in their gut microbiota. Using an animal model, we demonstrated that replenishing\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                        reduces systemic inflammation and alleviates AF symptoms. Mechanistically,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                        promotes the formation of stable microbial networks. This enhanced stability prevents massive bacterial death and turnover, thereby reducing the release of free LPS into the environment. This work is highly significant as it decodes a vital link between gut stability and cardiovascular health, suggesting that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                        -based probiotics could serve as an innovative strategy for managing AF.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00741-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:00:24Z","timestamp":1780059624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Lactobacillus<\/i>\n                    shapes LPS-reservoir modules within the gut microbiota to mitigate atrial fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3731-8999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbk4x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Tianjin, 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