{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:03:57Z","timestamp":1789596237623,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]],"date-time":"2017-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]],"date-time":"2017-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"APHA internal investment fund","award":["RD0068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD0068"]}]},{"name":"University of Reading pump priming"},{"name":"APHA internal investment fund","award":["RD0068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD0068"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004443","name":"University of Warwick | Warwick Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The chicken gastrointestinal tract is richly populated by commensal bacteria that fulfill various beneficial roles for the host, including helping to resist colonization by pathogens. It can also facilitate the conjugative transfer of multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmids between commensal and pathogenic bacteria which is a significant public and animal health concern as it may affect our ability to treat bacterial infections. We used an\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            chemostat system to approximate the chicken cecal microbiota, simulate colonization by an MDR\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            pathogen, and examine the dynamics of transfer of its MDR plasmid harboring several genes, including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>CTX-M1<\/jats:sub>\n            . We also evaluated the impact of cefotaxime administration on plasmid transfer and microbial diversity. Bacterial community profiles obtained by culture-independent methods showed that\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            inoculation resulted in no significant changes to bacterial community alpha diversity and beta diversity, whereas administration of cefotaxime caused significant alterations to both measures of diversity, which largely recovered. MDR plasmid transfer from\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            to commensal\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            was demonstrated by PCR and whole-genome sequencing of isolates purified from agar plates containing cefotaxime. Transfer occurred to seven\n            <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>\n            sequence types at high rates, even in the absence of cefotaxime, with resistant strains isolated within 3\u00a0days. Our chemostat system provides a good representation of bacterial interactions, including antibiotic resistance transfer\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . It can be used as an ethical and relatively inexpensive approach to model dissemination of antibiotic resistance within the gut of any animal or human and refine interventions that mitigate its spread before employing\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            studies.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            The spread of antimicrobial resistance presents a grave threat to public health and animal health and is affecting our ability to respond to bacterial infections. Transfer of antimicrobial resistance via plasmid exchange is of particular concern as it enables unrelated bacteria to acquire resistance. The gastrointestinal tract is replete with bacteria and provides an environment for plasmid transfer between commensals and pathogens. Here we use the chicken gut microbiota as an exemplar to model the effects of bacterial infection, antibiotic administration, and plasmid transfer. We show that transfer of a multidrug-resistant plasmid from the zoonotic pathogen\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            to commensal\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            occurs at a high rate, even in the absence of antibiotic administration. Our work demonstrates that the\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            gut model provides a powerful screening tool that can be used to assess and refine interventions that mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in the gut before undertaking animal studies.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00777-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]],"date-time":"2017-07-19T00:10:19Z","timestamp":1500423019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["An\n            <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            Chicken Gut Model Demonstrates Transfer of a Multidrug Resistance Plasmid from\n            <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n            to Commensal\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Roderick M.","family":"Card","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun A.","family":"Cawthraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Nunez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Pallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Nutritional Sciences Department, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna F.","family":"Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"4329","article-title":"The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2014","volume":"13","author":"European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2015","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . 2015. 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