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Research groups (three in 2019\u20132020 and five in 2021\u20132022) conducted a long-term survey of surface water across 5\u20138 months annually (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 30 monthly). On-site, each team filtered 10-L water samples with modified Moore Swabs to capture\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella,<\/jats:italic>\n                      which were then isolated and identified using conventional microbiological techniques.\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were sequenced on Illumina platforms.\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      was present in 1,493\/3,291 water samples (45.8%), with varying isolation rates across countries and years. Newport, Infantis, and Typhimurium were the most frequent among the 128 different serovars. Notably, 22 serovars were found in all three countries, representing almost half of the 1,911 different isolates collected. The resistome comprised 72 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and six point mutations in three genes. At least one AMR determinant was observed in 33.8% (646\/1,911) of the isolates, of which 47.4% (306\/646) were potentially multidrug resistant. Phylogeny based on core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) showed that most isolates clustered according to sequence type and country of origin. Only 14 cgMLST multi-country clusters were detected among the 275 clusters. However, further analysis confirmed that close genetic relatedness occurred mostly among isolates from the same country, with three exceptions. Interestingly, isolates closely related phylogenetically were recovered over multiple years within the same country, indicating the persistence of certain\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in those areas. In conclusion, surface waters in these regions are consistently contaminated with diverse\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , including strains that persist over time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        is a leading foodborne pathogen responsible for millions of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths annually. Although\n                        <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        -contaminated water has now been recognized as an important contamination source in the agrifood chain, there is a lack of knowledge on the global occurrence and diversity of\n                        <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        in surface water. Moreover, there has been insufficient research on\n                        <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        in surface waters from Latin American countries that are major producers and exporters of agricultural products. Incorporating genetic profiling of\n                        <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        isolates from underrepresented regions, such as Latin America, enhances our understanding of the pathogen\u2019s ecology, evolution, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenicity. Moreover, leveraging genomic data derived from pathogens isolated from diverse geographical areas is critical for assessing the potential public health risk posed by the pathogen and expediting investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Ultimately, global efforts contribute significantly to reducing the incidence of foodborne infections.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00777-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T09:02:48Z","timestamp":1719392568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A multicenter genomic epidemiological investigation in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico reveals the diversity and persistence of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    populations in surface waters"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1784-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, 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