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In this study, we tested whether\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    influences the susceptibility of\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    to frontline antibiotics used to treat CF lung infections. Using our\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    coculture model, we observed that addition of\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    supernatants to\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms grown either on epithelial cells or on plastic significantly decreased the susceptibility of\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    to vancomycin. Mutant analyses showed that 2-\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -oxide (HQNO), a component of the\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    quinolone signal (PQS) system, protects\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the antimicrobial activity of vancomycin. Similarly, the siderophores pyoverdine and pyochelin also contribute to the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    to protect\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    from vancomycin, as did growth under anoxia. Under our experimental conditions, HQNO,\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    supernatant, and growth under anoxia decreased\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth, likely explaining why this cell wall-targeting antibiotic is less effective.\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    supernatant did not confer additional protection to slow-growing\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    small colony variants. Importantly,\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    supernatant protects\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    from other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis as well as protein synthesis-targeting antibiotics in an HQNO- and siderophore-dependent manner. We propose a model whereby\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    to shift to fermentative growth when these organisms are grown in coculture, leading to reduction in\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth and decreased susceptibility to antibiotics targeting cell wall and protein synthesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infections are chronic and difficult to eradicate.\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are two of the most prevalent respiratory pathogens in CF patients and are associated with poor patient outcomes. Both organisms adopt a biofilm mode of growth, which contributes to high tolerance to antibiotic treatment and the recalcitrant nature of these infections. Here, we show that\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    exoproducts decrease the sensitivity of\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm and planktonic populations to vancomycin, a frontline antibiotic used to treat methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in CF patients.\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    also protects\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    from other cell wall-active antibiotics as well as various classes of protein synthesis inhibitors. Thus, interspecies interactions can have dramatic and unexpected consequences on antibiotic sensitivity. This study underscores the potential impact of interspecies interactions on antibiotic efficacy in the context of complex, polymicrobial infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00873-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]],"date-time":"2017-07-18T20:10:19Z","timestamp":1500408619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    Alters\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Sensitivity to Vancomycin in a Biofilm Model of Cystic Fibrosis Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Orazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George A.","family":"O\u2019Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120577109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2012.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation patient registry 2015 annual data report","author":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation . 2015. 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