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Aminoglycosides are a major class of antibiotics that disrupt translation, but resistance may occur by a number of mechanisms. Here, we show the repeated evolution of resistance to the aminoglycoside tobramycin in both\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    via mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>fusA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , encoding elongation factor G, and\n                    <jats:italic>ptsP<\/jats:italic>\n                    , encoding the nitrogen-specific phosphotransferase system. Laboratory evolution and whole-population genome sequencing were used to identify these targets, but mutations at identical amino acid positions were also found in published genomes of diverse bacterial species and clinical isolates. We also identified other resistance mechanisms associated with growth in biofilms that likely interfere with drug binding or uptake. Characterizing the evolution of multiple species in the presence of antibiotics can identify new, repeatable causes of resistance that may be predicted and counteracted by alternative treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00932-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T09:15:20Z","timestamp":1590398120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Parallel Evolution of Tobramycin Resistance across Species and Environments"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4244-4200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Scribner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 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