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Infection is initiated when the parasite invades the intestinal epithelium, and in many host species, this leads to intense inflammation and a dramatic disruption of the normal microbial ecosystem that resides in the healthy gut (the so-called microbiome). One characteristic change in the microbiome during infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014as well as numerous other pathogens\u2014is the overgrowth of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    or similar bacteria and a breakdown of commensal containment leading to seeding of peripheral organs with gut bacteria and subsequent sepsis. Our findings provide one clear explanation for how this process is regulated, thereby improving our understanding of the relationship between parasite infection, inflammation, and disease. Furthermore, our results could serve as the basis for the development of novel therapeutics to reduce the potential for harmful bacteria to bloom in the gut during infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00935-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,25]],"date-time":"2019-05-25T06:37:54Z","timestamp":1558766274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Infection-Induced Intestinal Dysbiosis Is Mediated by Macrophage Activation and Nitrate Production"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayah","family":"El-Fahmawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Radaelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan C.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Misic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodi A.","family":"Ellringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Quan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1532-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian E.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3092-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2865-4589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Beiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Foodborne parasites","author":"Robertson LJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robertson LJ. 2018. 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