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Hence, the\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    pan-genome carries the potential to establish new pathogenic strains by sharing virulence determinants, many of which have yet to be characterized. Here, we investigated the virulence properties of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio proteolyticus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , a Gram-negative marine bacterium previously identified as part of the\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    consortium isolated from diseased corals. We found that\n                    <jats:italic>V. proteolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes actin cytoskeleton rearrangements followed by cell lysis in HeLa cells in a contact-independent manner. In search of the responsible virulence factor involved, we determined the\n                    <jats:italic>V. proteolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    secretome. This proteomics approach revealed various putative virulence factors, including active type VI secretion systems and effectors with virulence toxin domains; however, these type VI secretion systems were not responsible for the observed cytotoxic effects. Further examination of the\n                    <jats:italic>V. proteolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    secretome led us to hypothesize and subsequently demonstrate that a secreted hemolysin, belonging to a previously uncharacterized clan of the leukocidin superfamily, was the toxin responsible for the\n                    <jats:italic>V. proteolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated cytotoxicity in both HeLa cells and macrophages. Clearly, there remains an armory of yet-to-be-discovered virulence factors in the\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    pan-genome that will undoubtedly provide a wealth of knowledge on how a pathogen can manipulate host cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    The pan-genome of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a potential reservoir of unidentified toxins that can provide insight into how members of this genus have successfully risen as emerging pathogens worldwide. We focused on\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Vibrio proteolyticus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , a marine bacterium that was previously implicated in virulence toward marine animals, and characterized its interaction with eukaryotic cells. We found that this bacterium causes actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and leads to cell death. Using a proteomics approach, we identified a previously unstudied member of the leukocidin family of pore-forming toxins as the virulence factor responsible for the observed cytotoxicity in eukaryotic cells, as well as a plethora of additional putative virulence factors secreted by this bacterium. Our findings reveal a functional new clan of the leukocidin toxin superfamily and establish this pathogen as a reservoir of potential toxins that can be used for biomedical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01077-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T20:53:13Z","timestamp":1469566393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Proteomics Analysis Reveals Previously Uncharacterized Virulence Factors in Vibrio proteolyticus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ann","family":"Ray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 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