{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:00:27Z","timestamp":1772589627508,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,29]],"date-time":"2014-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are mobile blocks of DNA that can contribute to bacterial evolution by self-directed transmission of advantageous traits. Here, we analyze the activity of a putative 65-kb ICE harbored by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            using molecular genetics, conjugation assays, a phenotype microarray screen, and macrophage infections. The element transferred to a naive\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain, integrated site-specifically, and conferred increased resistance to oxacillin, penicillin, hydrogen peroxide, and bleach. Furthermore, the element increased survival of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            within restrictive mouse macrophages. In particular, this ICE protects\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            from phagocyte oxidase activity, since mutation of the macrophage NADPH oxidase eliminated the fitness difference between strains that carried and those that lacked the mobile element. Renamed ICE-\u03b2ox (for\n            <jats:underline>\u03b2<\/jats:underline>\n            -lactam antibiotics and\n            <jats:underline>o<\/jats:underline>\n            <jats:underline>x<\/jats:underline>\n            idative stress), this transposable element is predicted to contribute to the emergence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains that are more fit in natural and engineered water systems and in macrophages.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Bacteria evolve rapidly by acquiring new traits via horizontal gene transfer. Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are mobile blocks of DNA that encode the machinery necessary to spread among bacterial populations. ICEs transfer antibiotic resistance and other bacterial survival factors as cargo genes carried within the element. Here, we show that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the causative agent of Legionnaires\u2019 disease, carries ICE-\u03b2ox, which enhances the resistance of this opportunistic pathogen to bleach and \u03b2-lactam antibiotics. Moreover,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains encoding ICE-\u03b2ox are more resistant to macrophages that carry phagocyte oxidase. Accordingly, ICE-\u03b2ox is predicted to increase the fitness of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. pneumophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            in natural and engineered waters and in humans. To our knowledge, this is the first description of an ICE that confers oxidative stress resistance to a nosocomial pathogen.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01091-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T05:58:46Z","timestamp":1398837526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Integrative Conjugative Element ICE-\u03b2ox Confers Oxidative Stress Resistance to Legionella pneumophila\n            <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            and in Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Kaitlin J.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele S.","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01739-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.7229808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00956-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00598-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.15.4630-4637.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.29227-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.4.866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.06.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2004.0859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1204697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01359-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114473"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360200183030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301366110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-11-3037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.3.502-507.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.11.3590-3598.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00144-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-11-3121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03094.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00045-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MeraultN\nRusniokC\nJarraudS\nGomez-ValeroL\nCazaletC\nMarinM\nBrachetE\nAegerterP\nGaillardJL\nEtienneJ\nHerrmannJL\nLawrenceC\nBuchrieserC\nDELPHI Study Group. 2011. Specific real-time PCR for simultaneous detection and identification of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in water and clinical samples. Appl. Environ. 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