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Development of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    to infective metacyclic promastigotes in the insect gut, a process termed metacyclogenesis, is an essential prerequisite for transmission. Based on the hypothesis that vector gut microbiota influence the development of virulent parasites, we sequenced midgut microbiomes in the sand fly\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    with or without\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Sucrose-fed sand flies contained a highly diverse, stable midgut microbiome. Blood feeding caused a decrease in microbial richness that eventually recovered. However, bacterial richness progressively decreased in\n                    <jats:italic>L.\u00a0infantum-<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected sand flies.\n                    <jats:italic>Acetobacteraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. became dominant and numbers of\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonadaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. diminished coordinately as the parasite underwent metacyclogenesis and parasite numbers increased. Importantly, antibiotic-mediated perturbation of the midgut microbiome rendered sand flies unable to support parasite growth and metacyclogenesis. Together, these data suggest that the sand fly midgut microbiome is a critical factor for\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth and differentiation to its infective state prior to disease transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a parasitic protozoan causing fatal visceral leishmaniasis, is transmitted to humans through the bite of the sand fly\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Development of the parasite to its virulent metacyclic state occurs in the sand fly gut. In this study, the microbiota within the\n                    <jats:italic>Lu. longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    midgut was delineated by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing, revealing a highly diverse community composition that lost diversity as parasites developed to their metacyclic state and increased in abundance in infected flies. Perturbing sand fly gut microbiota with an antibiotic cocktail, which alone had no effect on either the parasite or the fly, arrested both the development of virulent parasites and parasite expansion. These findings indicate the importance of bacterial commensals within the insect vector for the development of virulent pathogens, and raise the possibility that impairing the microbial composition within the vector might represent a novel approach to control of vector-borne diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01121-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]],"date-time":"2017-01-17T20:25:39Z","timestamp":1484684739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["The Gut Microbiome of the Vector\n                    <i>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/i>\n                    Is Essential for Survival of\n                    <i>Leishmania infantum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Patrick H.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology, Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Bahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology, Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago D.","family":"Serafim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadim J.","family":"Ajami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Petrosino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology, Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus G.","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaden","family":"Kamhawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology, Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"},{"name":"Iowa City Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n. 2016. 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