{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:47:48Z","timestamp":1791985668429,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82430073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82430073"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX1358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX1358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chemo-attenuated sporozoite vaccines (SPZ-CVacs) are considered promising for malaria prevention, but safety concerns persist regarding antimalarial drugs targeting either liver- or blood-stage parasites. In this study, we found that nitroquine (CI-679), used to eliminate malaria blood-stage parasites, effectively rendered sporozoites attenuated by arresting late liver-stage development. A single vaccination with CI-679-attenuated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) sporozoites conferred robust protection against sporozoite challenge in BALB\/c mice. Using mouse models with distinct genetic backgrounds, we demonstrated that the robust protection conferred by the CI-679-attenuated vaccine was primarily associated with the frequency of parasite-specific CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells mediated by IL-15. Notably, the supplement of IL-15\/IL-15Ra sushi complex remarkably increased Trm frequency and improved the protective efficacy of CI-679-attenuated vaccine. Our findings characterize a novel SPZ-CVac and provide mechanistic evidence supporting IL-15 as an adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of pre-erythrocytic stage vaccines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Malaria remains a devastating global disease. Chemo-attenuated sporozoite vaccines show promise, yet safety concerns persist as current drugs target only liver- or blood-stage parasites. Here, we found nitroquine (CI-679) has a potentially favorable safety profile because of its dual liver- and blood-stage activity, and a single vaccination with CI-679-attenuated\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                        sporozoites conferred robust protection against sporozoite challenge in BALB\/c mice. Mechanistically, protection was associated with IL-15-mediated parasite-specific CD8\n                        <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                        tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells. Notably, the supplement of IL-15\/IL-15Ra sushi complex remarkably increased Trm frequency and enhanced protective efficacy. Therefore, we characterize a novel chemo-attenuated sporozoite vaccine and provide mechanistic evidence supporting IL-15 as an adjuvant for pre-erythrocytic stage vaccines.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01131-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1790255044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The high protection of a novel chemo-attenuated sporozoite vaccine requires IL-15-mediated liver CD8\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    tissue-resident memory T-cell responses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4410-4384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nie","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05w21nn13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05w21nn13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, People\u2019s Hospital of Deyang City","place":["Deyang, 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