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We identified three individuals with CF with persistent lung infections dominated by\n                    <jats:italic>Clavispora<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>lusitaniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Whole-genome sequencing analysis of multiple isolates from each infection found evidence for selection for mutants in the gene\n                    <jats:italic>MRS4<\/jats:italic>\n                    in all three distinct lung-associated populations. In each population, we found one or two unfixed, non-synonymous mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>MRS4<\/jats:italic>\n                    relative to the reference allele found in multiple environmental and clinical isolates including the type strain. Genetic and phenotypic analyses found that all evolved alleles led to loss of function (LOF) of Mrs4, a mitochondrial iron transporter. RNA-seq analyses found that Mrs4 variants with decreased activity led to increased expression of genes involved in iron acquisition mechanisms in both low iron and replete iron conditions. Furthermore, surface iron reductase activity and intracellular iron were much higher in strains with Mrs4 LOF variants. Parallel studies found that a subpopulation of a CF-associated\n                    <jats:italic>Exophiala dermatitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection also had a non-synonymous LOF mutation in\n                    <jats:italic>MRS4<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Together, these data suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>MRS4<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations may be beneficial during chronic CF lung infections in diverse fungi, perhaps, for the purposes of adaptation to an iron-restricted environment with chronic infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The identification of\n                      <jats:italic>MRS4<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>Clavispora<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\n                      <jats:italic>lusitaniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Exophiala dermatitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) highlights a possible adaptive mechanism for fungi during chronic CF lung infections. The findings of this study suggest that loss of function of the mitochondrial iron transporter Mrs4 can lead to increased activity of iron acquisition mechanisms, which may be advantageous for fungi in iron-restricted environments during chronic infections. This study provides valuable information for researchers working toward a better understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic lung infections and more effective therapies to treat them.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01171-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T09:00:10Z","timestamp":1689066010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mrs4 loss of function in fungi during adaptation to the cystic fibrosis lung"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9909-4702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Murante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elora G.","family":"Demers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Kurbessoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Ruzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alix","family":"Ashare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Health , Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-0020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason E.","family":"Stajich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6366-2971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000220"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-8062.2012.00417.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00100-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005308"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807698115"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02153-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149998"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2717-2724.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00325-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02204-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008921"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","volume-title":"WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action","author":"WHO","year":"2022","unstructured":"WHO . 2022. 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