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Active antibiotics are commonly detected in soil and water at concentrations much below lethal concentration. Although sub-MICs of antibiotics do not kill bacteria, they can have a major impact on bacterial populations by contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance through mutations in originally sensitive bacteria or acquisition of DNA from resistant bacteria. It was shown that concentrations as low as 100-fold below the MIC can actually lead to the selection of antibiotic-resistant cells. We seek to understand how bacterial cells react to such antibiotic concentrations using\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the Gram-negative bacterial paradigm, and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the causative agent of cholera. 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