{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:57:10Z","timestamp":1791575830413,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biofilms are resilient, surface-associated communities of cells with specialized properties (e.g., resistance to drugs and mechanical forces) that are distinct from those of suspension (planktonic) cultures. Biofilm formation by the opportunistic human fungal pathogen<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>is medically relevant because<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>infections are highly correlated with implanted medical devices, which provide efficient substrates for biofilm formation; moreover, biofilms are inherently resistant to antifungal drugs. Biofilms are also important for<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>to colonize diverse niches of the human host. Here, we describe four core members of a conserved histone deacetylase complex in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>(Set3, Hos2, Snt1, and Sif2) and explore the effects of their mutation on biofilm formation. We find that these histone deacetylase complex members are needed for proper biofilm formation, including dispersal of cells from biofilms and multifactorial drug resistance. Our results underscore the importance of the physical properties of biofilms in contributing to drug resistance and dispersal and lay a foundation for new strategies to target biofilm dispersal as a potential antifungal intervention.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>Through the formation of biofilms\u2014surface-associated communities of cells\u2014microorganisms can establish infections, become drug resistant, and evade the host immune system. Here we investigate how four core members of a conserved histone deacetylase complex mediate biofilm formation by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>, the major fungal pathogen of humans. We show that this histone deacetylase complex is required for biofilm dispersal, a process through which cells leave the biofilm to establish new infections. We also show that the deacetylase complex mediates biofilm drug resistance. This work provides new insight into how the physical properties of biofilms affect dispersal and drug resistance and suggests new potential antifungal strategies that could be effective against biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01201-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T06:34:33Z","timestamp":1402468473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["A Histone Deacetylase Complex Mediates Biofilm Dispersal and Drug Resistance in Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Clarissa J.","family":"Nobile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily P.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Tetrad Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nairi","family":"Hartooni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin F.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denes","family":"Hnisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University Vienna, Max F. 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