{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:59:14Z","timestamp":1785427154881,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe and often fatal complication of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. Although much progress has been made in understanding CM, the precise pathogenesis remains elusive. The olfactory bulb (OB) has emerged as a critical site of immunopathology in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) models, but its contribution to disease progression is not fully understood. To investigate the molecular mechanisms driving early ECM pathogenesis, we conducted transcriptomic profiling of the OB to identify key genes associated with disease onset. Our analysis revealed significant early upregulation of interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPases, particularly Irgb6 and Gbp4, effectors downstream of IFN-\u03b3 but not IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 signaling, suggesting their involvement in ECM pathology. Using\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                        Gbp4\n                        <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Irgb6<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      , and double knockout (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                        Irgb6\n                        <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                        Gbp4\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                        \/\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      ) mice, we identified a pathological role for these GTPases. Mechanistically, we found that double-knockout mice exhibited increased infiltration of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells into the brain but with reduced T cell functionality and impaired antigen presentation by endothelial cells, leading to enhanced parasite accumulation in the OB. This disruption in immune regulation ultimately conferred improved survival in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                        Irgb6\n                        <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                        Gbp4\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                        \/\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice and indicated the pathological impact of Gbp4 and Irgb6 in ECM. These findings reveal that Gbp4 and Irgb6 play important roles in the early immunopathogenesis of ECM by modulating antigen processing and presentation in the OB, thereby shaping immune cell dynamics. Our work shows the dual role of Irgb6 and Gbp4 GTPases in host defence and immunopathology and offers new insights into ECM mechanisms and antigen presentation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Cerebral malaria (CM) arises from an excessive inflammatory response and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) dysfunction in\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                        -infected hosts, but the precise mechanisms driving early-stage pathogenesis remain unclear. Through RNA sequencing of the olfactory bulb (OB) in a murine experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model, we identified the early upregulation of interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPases, Irgb6 and Gbp4, key effectors downstream of IFN-\u03b3 signaling. Our results demonstrate that Gbp4 and Irgb6 synergistically contribute to ECM pathology by regulating antigen cross-presentation in endothelial cells. This dysregulation leads to abnormal parasite burden and alters the accumulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the brain via the OB, further perturbing inflammation. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism in CM and emphasize the pivotal roles of Gbp4 and Irgb6 in promoting cell-autonomous immune responses that, in turn, escalate pathological inflammation. Our study offers insights into how dysregulated immune responses drive CM progression and suggests potential therapeutic targets to mitigate fatal outcomes.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01249-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T09:00:21Z","timestamp":1751533221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["IFN\u03b3-inducible Gbp4 and Irgb6 contribute to experimental cerebral malaria pathology in the olfactory bulb"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Matsuo-Dapaah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo","place":["Tokyo, 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