{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:03:08Z","timestamp":1774317788540,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]],"date-time":"2014-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>We calculated the incidence, mortality, and case fatality rates for Caucasians and non-Caucasians during 19th century yellow fever (YF) epidemics in the United States and determined statistical significance for differences in the rates in different populations. We evaluated nongenetic host factors, including socioeconomic, environmental, cultural, demographic, and acquired immunity status that could have influenced these differences. While differences in incidence rates were not significant between Caucasians and non-Caucasians, differences in mortality and case fatality rates were statistically significant for all epidemics tested (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01). Caucasians diagnosed with YF were 6.8 times more likely to succumb than non-Caucasians with the disease. No other major causes of death during the 19th century demonstrated a similar mortality skew toward Caucasians. Nongenetic host factors were examined and could not explain these large differences. We propose that the remarkably lower case mortality rates for individuals of non-Caucasian ancestry is the result of human genetic variation in loci encoding innate immune mediators.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>Different degrees of severity of yellow fever have been observed across diverse populations, but this study is the first to demonstrate a statistically significant association between ancestry and the outcome of yellow fever (YF). With the global burden of mosquito-borne flaviviral infections, such as YF and dengue, on the rise, identifying and characterizing host factors could prove pivotal in the prevention of epidemics and the development of effective treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01253-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,4]],"date-time":"2014-06-04T05:44:45Z","timestamp":1401860685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Human Genetic Variation and Yellow Fever Mortality during 19th Century U.S. Epidemics"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Blake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano A.","family":"Garcia-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2010.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/382722a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"CountyShelby TN Census . 1870. Data from population schedules of the ninth census of the United States for Shelby County Tennessee. http:\/\/tn-roots.com\/tnshelby\/census\/1870\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2010.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.080926"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"GarskeT Van KerkhoveMD YactayoS RonveauxO LewisRF StaplesJE PereaW FergusonNM with the YF Expert Committee . 2013. Yellow fever burden estimation: summary. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland. http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/yellowfev\/YellowFeverBurdenEstimation_Summary2013.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1170791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511665035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jsh.2001.0058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume-title":"Fever season: the story of a terrifying epidemic and the people who saved a city","author":"Keith J","year":"2012","unstructured":"KeithJ . 2012. Fever season: the story of a terrifying epidemic and the people who saved a city. Bloomsbury Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"US War Department Surgeon General\u2019s Office WoodwardJJ . 1868. Report on epidemic cholera and yellow fever in the army of the United States: during the year 1867. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Mosquito soldiers: malaria, yellow fever, and the course of the American Civil War","author":"Bell AMI","year":"2010","unstructured":"BellAMI . 2010. Mosquito soldiers: malaria, yellow fever, and the course of the American Civil War. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801861963","volume-title":"Yellow fever and the South","author":"Humphreys M","year":"1999","unstructured":"HumphreysM . 1999. Yellow fever and the South. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"StrodeGK . 1951. Yellow fever. McGraw-Hill Book Company New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","volume-title":"History of yellow fever","author":"Augustin G","year":"1909","unstructured":"AugustinG . 1909. History of yellow fever. Searcy & Pfaff, New Orleans, LA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(92)90255-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"Knipe DM","year":"2007","unstructured":"KnipeDM . 2007. Fields virology, 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"246","article-title":"The microscopical, spectroscopical, and chemical analysis of black vomit as an aid to health officers in the differential diagnosis of yellow-fever and malarial fevers","volume":"16","author":"Kemp GT","year":"1890","unstructured":"KempGT . 1890. The microscopical, spectroscopical, and chemical analysis of black vomit as an aid to health officers in the differential diagnosis of yellow-fever and malarial fevers. Public Health Pap. Rep. 16:246\u2013252.","journal-title":"Public Health Pap. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.1.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"US Census Office PorterPR WrightCD . 1897. Census reports. Eleventh census: 1890: Population. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","unstructured":"Portsmouth Relief Association . 1856. Report of the Portsmouth Relief Association to the contributors of the fund for the relief of Portsmouth Virginia during the prevalence of the yellow fever in that town in 1855. H. K. Ellyson\u2019s Steam Power Presses Richmond VA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Yellowjack. The yellow fever epidemic of 1878 in Memphis, Tennessee","volume":"42","author":"Baker TH","year":"1968","unstructured":"BakerTH . 1968. Yellowjack. The yellow fever epidemic of 1878 in Memphis, Tennessee. Bull. Hist. Med. 42:241\u2013264.","journal-title":"Bull. Hist. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"287","article-title":"The St. Marys yellow fever epidemic of 1808: Georgia\u2019s first confrontation","volume":"65","author":"Cates GL","year":"1976","unstructured":"CatesGL . 1976. The St. Marys yellow fever epidemic of 1808: Georgia\u2019s first confrontation. J. Med. Assoc. Ga 65:287\u2013289.","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Ga"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Report of the Howards Association of Norfolk, Va: to all contributors who gave their valuable aid in behalf of the sufferers from epidemic yellow fever during the summer of 1855","author":"Howard Association of Norfolk, Va","year":"1857","unstructured":"Howard Association of Norfolk, Va . 1857. Report of the Howards Association of Norfolk, Va: to all contributors who gave their valuable aid in behalf of the sufferers from epidemic yellow fever during the summer of 1855. Inquirer Printing Office, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","volume-title":"A history of the yellow fever. The yellow fever epidemic of 1878, in Memphis, Tenn., embracing a complete list of the dead, the names of the doctors and nurses employed, names of all who contributed money or means, and the names and history of the Howards, together with other data, and lists of the dead elsewhere","author":"Keating JM","year":"1879","unstructured":"KeatingJM Howard Association . 1879. A history of the yellow fever. The yellow fever epidemic of 1878, in Memphis, Tenn., embracing a complete list of the dead, the names of the doctors and nurses employed, names of all who contributed money or means, and the names and history of the Howards, together with other data, and lists of the dead elsewhere. Howard Association of Memphis, Memphis, TN."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Transactions of the South Carolina Medical Association","author":"Simons M","year":"1878","unstructured":"SimonsM . 1878. Note on the epidemic of yellow fever at Port Royal in 1877. Transactions of the South Carolina Medical Association. 28:9\u201347."}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01253-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01253-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T23:07:32Z","timestamp":1689289652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.01253-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Diane E.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.01253-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01253-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-04-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-04-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-06-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01253-14"}}