{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:25:43Z","timestamp":1791307543784,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]],"date-time":"2014-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The majority of bacteria detected in the nostril microbiota of most healthy adults belong to three genera:\n                    <jats:italic>Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Among these staphylococci is the medically important bacterium\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . Almost nothing is known about interspecies interactions among bacteria in the nostrils. We observed that crude extracts of cell-free conditioned medium from\n                    <jats:italic>Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. induce\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    aggregation in culture. Bioassay-guided fractionation implicated coproporphyrin III (CIII), the most abundant extracellular porphyrin produced by human-associated\n                    <jats:italic>Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., as a cause of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    aggregation. This aggregation response depended on the CIII dose and occurred during early stationary-phase growth, and a low pH (~4 to 6) was necessary but was not sufficient for its induction. Additionally, CIII induced plasma-independent\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    biofilm development on an abiotic surface in multiple\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strains. In strain UAMS-1, CIII stimulation of biofilm depended on\n                    <jats:italic>sarA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a key biofilm regulator. This study is one of the first demonstrations of a small-molecule-mediated interaction among medically relevant members of the nostril microbiota and the first description of a role for CIII in bacterial interspecies interactions. Our results indicate that CIII may be an important mediator of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    aggregation and\/or biofilm formation in the nostril or other sites inhabited by\n                    <jats:italic>Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Very little is known about interspecies interactions among the bacteria that inhabit the adult nostril, including\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , a potential pathogen that colonizes about a quarter of adults. We demonstrated that coproporphyrin III (CIII), a diffusible small molecule excreted by nostril- and skin-associated\n                    <jats:italic>Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., induces\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    aggregation in a manner dependent on dose, growth phase, and pH. CIII also induces\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    to form a plasma-independent surface-attached biofilm. This report is the first description of a role for CIII in bacterial interspecies interactions at any human body site and a novel demonstration that nostril microbiota physiology is influenced by small-molecule-mediated interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01286-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T14:28:59Z","timestamp":1405607339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["<i>Propionibacterium<\/i>\n                    -Produced Coproporphyrin III Induces Staphylococcus aureus Aggregation and Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Wollenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Infection &amp; Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Claesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel F.","family":"Escapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Infection &amp; Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Aldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Fischbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine P.","family":"Lemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/533494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00027603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(99)00442-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171700"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177486"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00129-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.1.216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199002223220804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02083-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16897-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"CDC\n. 2005-2011. 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