{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:14:07Z","timestamp":1792678447236,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]],"date-time":"2014-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]],"date-time":"2014-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Virulence of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    is linked with its ability to form biofilms. Once established, biofilm infections are nearly impossible to eradicate. Biofilm cells live immersed in a self-produced matrix, a blend of extracellular biopolymers, many of which are uncharacterized. In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the matrix manufactured by\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and in a clinical niche animal model. We further explore the function of matrix components, including the impact on drug resistance. We uncovered components from each of the macromolecular classes (55% protein, 25% carbohydrate, 15% lipid, and 5% nucleic acid) in the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    biofilm matrix. Three individual polysaccharides were identified and were suggested to interact physically. Surprisingly, a previously identified polysaccharide of functional importance, \u03b2-1,3-glucan, comprised only a small portion of the total matrix carbohydrate. Newly described, more abundant polysaccharides included \u03b1-1,2 branched \u03b1-1,6-mannans (87%) associated with unbranched \u03b2-1,6-glucans (13%) in an apparent mannan-glucan complex (MGCx). Functional matrix proteomic analysis revealed 458 distinct activities. The matrix lipids consisted of neutral glycerolipids (89.1%), polar glycerolipids (10.4%), and sphingolipids (0.5%). Examination of matrix nucleic acid identified DNA, primarily noncoding sequences. Several of the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    matrix components, including proteins and each of the polysaccharides, were also present in the matrix of a clinically relevant\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis demonstrated interaction of aggregate matrix with the antifungal fluconazole, consistent with a role in drug impedance and contribution of multiple matrix components.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    This report is the first to decipher the complex and unique macromolecular composition of the\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm matrix, demonstrate the clinical relevance of matrix components, and show that multiple matrix components are needed for protection from antifungal drugs. The availability of these biochemical analyses provides a unique resource for further functional investigation of the biofilm matrix, a defining trait of this lifestyle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01333-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]],"date-time":"2014-08-05T21:15:17Z","timestamp":1407273317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":295,"title":["Novel Entries in a Fungal Biofilm Matrix Encyclopedia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Zarnowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Westler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 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