{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:33:11Z","timestamp":1792445591591,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]],"date-time":"2014-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Shotgun metagenomics provides a powerful assumption-free approach to the recovery of pathogen genomes from contemporary and historical material. We sequenced the metagenome of a calcified nodule from the skeleton of a 14th-century middle-aged male excavated from the medieval Sardinian settlement of Geridu. We obtained 6.5-fold coverage of a\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brucella melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    genome. Sequence reads from this genome showed signatures typical of ancient or aged DNA. Despite the relatively low coverage, we were able to use information from single-nucleotide polymorphisms to place the medieval pathogen genome within a clade of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strains that included the well-studied Ether strain and two other recent Italian isolates. We confirmed this placement using information from deletions and IS\n                    <jats:italic>711<\/jats:italic>\n                    insertions. We conclude that metagenomics stands ready to document past and present infections, shedding light on the emergence, evolution, and spread of microbial pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Infectious diseases have shaped human populations and societies throughout history. The recovery of pathogen DNA sequences from human remains provides an opportunity to identify and characterize the causes of individual and epidemic infections. By sequencing DNA extracted from medieval human remains through shotgun metagenomics, without target-specific capture or amplification, we have obtained a draft genome sequence of an ~700-year-old\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brucella melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strain. Using a variety of bioinformatic approaches, we have shown that this historical strain is most closely related to recent strains isolated from Italy, confirming the continuity of this zoonotic infection, and even a specific lineage, in the Mediterranean region over the centuries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01337-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T23:49:34Z","timestamp":1405468174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Recovery of a Medieval Brucella melitensis Genome Using Shotgun Metagenomics"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Gemma L.","family":"Kay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Infection, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Sergeant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Infection, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Giuffra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Human Anatomy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Bandiera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Human Anatomy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Milanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bramanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Bianucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Anthropologie Bioculturelle, Droit, Ethique et Sant\u00e9, Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Pallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Infection, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70286-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881000097X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2011.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10549"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70323-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1302295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1238286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Quaderni del Centro di Documentazione dei Villaggi Abbandonati della Sardegna 2","author":"Milanese M","year":"2006","unstructured":"MilaneseM . 2006. Vita e morte dei villaggi rurali tra Medioevo ed Et\u00e0 Moderna. Dallo scavo della villa de Geriti ad una pianificazione della tutela e della conoscenza dei villaggi abbandonati della Sardegna. Archeologia e storia degli insediamenti rurali abbandonati della Sardegna, p 50\u201353. In MilaneseM , Quaderni del Centro di Documentazione dei Villaggi Abbandonati della Sardegna 2, Florence. All'Insegna Edizioni del Giglio, Florence, Italy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704665104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01581-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1125-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Age markers in the human skeleton","author":"Loth SR","year":"1989","unstructured":"LothSR IscanMY . 1989. Morphological assessment of age in the adult: the thoracic region, p 105\u2013136. 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