{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:01:19Z","timestamp":1793149279770,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,5]],"date-time":"2017-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            is a pathogenic fungus that causes life-threatening lung infections. About 500,000 people are exposed to\n            <jats:italic>H.\u00a0capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            each year in the United States, and over 60% of the U.S. population has been exposed to the fungus at some point in their life. We performed genome-wide population genetics and phylogenetic analyses with 30\n            <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates representing four recognized areas where histoplasmosis is endemic and show that the\n            <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            genus is composed of at least four species that are genetically isolated and rarely interbreed. Therefore, we propose a taxonomic rearrangement of the genus.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            The evolutionary processes that give rise to new pathogen lineages are critical to our understanding of how they adapt to new environments and how frequently they exchange genes with each other. The fungal pathogen\n            <jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            provides opportunities to precisely test hypotheses about the origin of new genetic variation. We find that\n            <jats:italic>H.\u00a0capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n            is composed of at least four different cryptic species that differ genetically and also in virulence. These results have implications for the epidemiology of histoplasmosis because not all\n            <jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            species are equivalent in their geographic range and ability to cause disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01339-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T01:10:33Z","timestamp":1512522633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Genome Sequences Reveal Cryptic Speciation in the Human Pathogen\n            <i>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Victoria E.","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Turissini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Matute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1906.62510440037003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-6-99"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.12.5257-5261.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.4.411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-2024LE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562899"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00027-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"206","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical features of pulmonary blastomycosis","volume":"12","author":"Davies SF","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davies SF Sarosi GA . 1997. Epidemiological and clinical features of pulmonary blastomycosis. Semin Respir Infect12:206\u2013218.","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8365.2005.00105.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.3.623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(88)80334-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7702654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD-B, and histosplasmin in the United States","volume":"99","author":"Edwards LB","year":"1969","unstructured":"Edwards LB Acquaviva FA Livesay VT Cross FW Palmer CE . 1969. An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD-B, and histosplasmin in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis99:1\u2013132.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2003.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-17.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.80.4.434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Natural reservoir of Histoplasma capsulatum","volume":"63","author":"Larsh HW","year":"1956","unstructured":"Larsh HW Hinton A Cozad GC . 1956. Natural reservoir of Histoplasma capsulatum. Am J Hyg63:18\u201327.","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.68.2.156-159.1954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3044-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.40.4.436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4586341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00447026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4046.368"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.653-663.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1956.5.235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02051969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01995.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.733430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1968.tb03370.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1997.tb00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01376-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"African histoplasmosis: a review","volume":"14","author":"Gugnani HC","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gugnani HC Muotoe-Okafor F . 1997. African histoplasmosis: a review. Rev Iberoam Micol14:155\u2013159.","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1953.12024317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2003.11833250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2017.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fgbi.2000.1228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.37.1.197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2419810"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01514.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01515.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.062166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.02802.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.24.6697-6703.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tax.562013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150701701083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150701701091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq539"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.8.2104-2107.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.22.7075-7079.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.5.1639-1646.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00362177385190101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00362176885190211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00304-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4370-4373.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02203-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607921114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Soil reservoirs of pathogenic fungi","volume":"52","author":"Emmons CW","year":"1962","unstructured":"Emmons CW . 1962. Soil reservoirs of pathogenic fungi. J Wash Acad Sci52:3\u20139.","journal-title":"J Wash Acad Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00795-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04131.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05436.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.5.1384-1390.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00010-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1311.070665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3757791"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3758589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681218880000211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.9.3.983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107524.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005493"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.10.5478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01467.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02308.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02451.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Molecular principles of fungal pathogenesis","author":"Taylor JW","year":"2006","unstructured":"Taylor JW . 2006. Evolution of human-pathogenic fungi: phylogenies and species, p 113\u2013132. InHeitmanJFillerSGEdwardsJEMitchellAP (ed), Molecular principles of fungal pathogenesis. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","unstructured":"Rambaut\nA\nSuchard\nMA\nXie\nD\nDrummond\nAJ\n. 2014. Tracer v1.6. http:\/\/tree.bio.ed.ac.uk\/software\/tracer\n."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2013.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/61.3.763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12886"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008800423698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01339-17","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01339-17","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T02:44:58Z","timestamp":1646707498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.01339-17"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"John W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.01339-17"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01339-17","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-10-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-10-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-12-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01339-17"}}