{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T01:16:47Z","timestamp":1791163007396,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]],"date-time":"2014-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]],"date-time":"2014-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Food-borne pathogens are ongoing problems, and new pathogens are emerging. The impact of fungi, however, is largely underestimated. Recently, commercial yogurts contaminated with\n            <jats:italic>Mucor circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            were sold, and &gt;200 consumers became ill with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Mucoralean fungi cause the fatal fungal infection mucormycosis, whose incidence has been continuously increasing. In this study, we isolated an\n            <jats:italic>M.\u00a0circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            strain from a yogurt container, and multilocus sequence typing identified the strain as\n            <jats:italic>Mucor circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n            <jats:italic>M. circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            is the most virulent\n            <jats:italic>M.\u00a0circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            subspecies and is commonly associated with human infections, whereas\n            <jats:italic>M.\u00a0circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>lusitanicus<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>M.\u00a0circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>griseocyanus<\/jats:italic>\n            are less common causes of infection. Whole-genome analysis of the yogurt isolate confirmed it as being close to the\n            <jats:italic>M. circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            subgroup, with a higher percentage of divergence with the\n            <jats:italic>M.\u00a0circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>lusitanicus<\/jats:italic>\n            subgroup. In mating assays, the yogurt isolate formed sexual zygospores with the (\u2212)\n            <jats:italic>M. circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            tester strain, which is congruent with its\n            <jats:italic>sex<\/jats:italic>\n            locus encoding SexP, the (+) mating type sex determinant. The yogurt isolate was virulent in murine and wax moth larva host systems. In a murine gastromucormycosis model,\n            <jats:italic>Mucor<\/jats:italic>\n            was recovered from fecal samples of infected mice for up to 10\u00a0days, indicating that\n            <jats:italic>Mucor<\/jats:italic>\n            can survive transit through the GI tract. In interactions with human immune cells,\n            <jats:italic>M.\u00a0circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>lusitanicus<\/jats:italic>\n            induced proinflammatory cytokines but\n            <jats:italic>M. circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            did not, which may explain the different levels of virulence in mammalian hosts. This study demonstrates that\n            <jats:italic>M.\u00a0circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            can spoil food products and cause gastrointestinal illness in consumers and may pose a particular risk to immunocompromised patients.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            The U.S. FDA reported that yogurt products were contaminated with\n            <jats:italic>M. circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            , a mucoralean fungal pathogen, and &gt;200 consumers complained of symptoms, including vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. The manufacturer voluntarily withdrew the affected yogurt products from the market. Compared to other food-borne pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, less focus has been placed on the risk of fungal pathogens. This study evaluates the potential risk from the food-borne fungal pathogen\n            <jats:italic>M. circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            that was isolated from the contaminated commercial yogurt. We successfully cultured an\n            <jats:italic>M.\u00a0circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            isolate and found that the isolate belongs to the species\n            <jats:italic>M.\u00a0circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            f.\n            <jats:italic>circinelloides<\/jats:italic>\n            , which is often associated with human infections. In murine and insect host models, the isolate was virulent. While information disseminated in the popular press would suggest this fungal contaminant poses little or no risk to consumers, our results show instead that it is capable of causing significant infections in animals.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01390-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]],"date-time":"2014-07-09T05:06:09Z","timestamp":1404882369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Analysis of a Food-Borne Fungal Pathogen Outbreak: Virulence and Genome of a\n            <i>Mucor circinelloides<\/i>\n            Isolate from Yogurt"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Soo Chan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Blake","family":"Billmyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Department, Corpus Christi State Supported Living Center, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Young","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Mieczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis C.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina A.","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Heitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DennyJ\nMcLauchlinJ\n. 2008. 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