{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:31:58Z","timestamp":1791325918153,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001736","name":"German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["999\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["999\/14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1096.39.11\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1096.39.11\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Infantis is one of the prevalent salmonellae worldwide. Recently, we showed that the emergence of\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            .\u00a0Infantis in Israel was facilitated by the acquisition of a unique megaplasmid (pESI) conferring multidrug resistance and increased virulence phenotypes. Here we elucidate the ecology, transmission properties, and regulation of pESI. We show that despite its large size (~280\u00a0kb), pESI does not impose a significant metabolic burden\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and that it has been recently fixed in the domestic\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            .\u00a0Infantis population. pESI conjugation and the transcription of its pilus (\n            <jats:italic>pil<\/jats:italic>\n            ) genes are inhibited at the ambient temperature (27\u00b0C) and by \u22651% bile but increased under temperatures of 37 to 41\u00b0C, oxidative stress, moderate osmolarity, and the microaerobic conditions characterizing the intestinal environment of warm-blooded animals. The pESI-encoded protein TraB and the oxygen homeostasis regulator Fnr were identified as transcriptional regulators of pESI conjugation. Using the mouse model, we show that following\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            .\u00a0Infantis infection, pESI can be horizontally transferred to the gut microbiota, including to commensal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains. Possible transfer, but not persistence, of pESI was also observed into Gram-positive mouse microbiota species, especially\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Lactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Moreover, pESI was demonstrated to further disseminate from gut microbiota to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Typhimurium, in the context of gastrointestinal infection. These findings exhibit the ability of a selfish clinically relevant megaplasmid to distribute to and from the microbiota and suggest an overlooked role of the microbiota as a reservoir of mobile genetic elements and intermediator in the spread of resistance and virulence genes between commensals and pathogenic bacteria.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Plasmid conjugation plays a key role in microbial evolution, enabling the acquisition of new phenotypes, including resistance and virulence.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Infantis is one of the ubiquitous salmonellae worldwide and a major cause of foodborne infections. Previously, we showed that the emergence of\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            .\u00a0Infantis in Israel has involved the acquisition of a unique megaplasmid (pESI) conferring multidrug resistance and increased virulence phenotypes. Recently, the emergence of another\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            .\u00a0Infantis strain carrying a pESI-like plasmid was identified in Italy, suggesting that the acquisition of pESI may be common to different emergent\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            .\u00a0Infantis populations globally. Transmission of this plasmid to other strains or bacterial species is an alarming scenario. Understanding the ecology, regulation, and transmission properties of clinically relevant plasmids and the role of the microbiota in their spreading offers a new mechanism explaining the emergence of new pathogenic and resistant biotypes and may assist in the development of appropriate surveillance and prevention measures.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01395-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T00:43:25Z","timestamp":1473209005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Horizontal Transfer of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis Resistance and Virulence Plasmid pESI to the Gut Microbiota of Warm-Blooded Hosts"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gili","family":"Aviv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galia","family":"Rahav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ohad","family":"Gal-Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.050854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650733"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00579-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02293-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"495","article-title":"Preliminary incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food\u2014Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2006\u20132014","volume":"64","author":"Crim SM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crim SM, Griffin PM, Tauxe R, Marder EP, Gilliss D, Conquist AB, Cartter M, Tobin-D\u2019Angelo M, Blythe D, Smith K, Lathrop S, Zansky S, Cieslak PR, Dunn J, Holt KG, Wolpert B, Henao OL, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Preliminary incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food\u2014Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2006\u20132014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64:495\u2013499.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Annual epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe 2009","author":"ECDC","year":"2009","unstructured":"ECDC. 2009. Annual epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe 2009. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01703-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00020-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00127-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107254109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2008.223.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.2.444-451.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02981.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.109918"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.53.1.495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890109002075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.4731841.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/161.4.1373"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.70"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7845"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.16.5035-5042.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-133-12-3279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00726-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28256-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01626-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(90)90023-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.8.4586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090110-102830"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.88.2.322-328.1964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2012.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.24.3.982-984.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.21.6705-6708.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-619X(03)00044-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"376","article-title":"Conjugational actinomycetes of plasmid RSF101 from Escherichia coli to the rare actinomycetes of Nocardia asteriodes and Streptoverticillum caespitosus","volume":"39","author":"Li W","year":"1999","unstructured":"Li W, Shen M, Jiao R, Zhao G. 1999. Conjugational actinomycetes of plasmid RSF101 from Escherichia coli to the rare actinomycetes of Nocardia asteriodes and Streptoverticillum caespitosus. Acta Microbiol Sin 39:376\u2013380. (In Chinese.)","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Sin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.9.3062-3064.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1606.091671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"Wadsworth anaerobic bacteriology manual","author":"Summanen P","year":"1993","unstructured":"Summanen P, Baron EJ, Citron DM, Strong CA, Wexler HM, Finegold SM. 1993. Wadsworth anaerobic bacteriology manual, 5th ed. Star Publishing Co, Redwood City, CA.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00468-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-7-31"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01395-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01395-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T02:08:25Z","timestamp":1646705305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.01395-16"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.01395-16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01395-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-08-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-08-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-09-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01395-16"}}