{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:51:39Z","timestamp":1790034699180,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1012445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1012445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A number of studies comparing either patient outcomes or model system virulence across large collections of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates have found significant heterogeneity in virulence even among strains with highly related genotypes. Because this heterogeneity cannot be explained by variations in the three well-characterized virulence traits (growth at host body temperature, melanization, and polysaccharide capsule formation), it has been widely proposed that additional\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    virulence traits must exist. The natural niche of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is in the environment, where the carbon dioxide concentration is very low (\u223c0.04%); in contrast, mammalian host tissue carbon dioxide concentrations are 125-fold higher (5%). We have found that the ability to grow in the presence of 5% carbon dioxide distinguishes low-virulence strains from high-virulence strains, even those with a similar genotype. Our findings suggest that carbon dioxide tolerance is a previously unrecognized virulence trait for\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01410-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T06:41:46Z","timestamp":1561963306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Host Carbon Dioxide Concentration Is an Independent Stress for Cryptococcus neoformans That Affects Virulence and Antifungal Susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Damian J.","family":"Krysan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"},{"name":"Microbiology\/Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara M.","family":"Misel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Wellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3390-8387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2015.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00296-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00046-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.09.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1431087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.10.2576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-0229(82)90034-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes7040061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02108-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(02)50954-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2017.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","author":"National Research Council","year":"2011","unstructured":"National Research Council. 2011. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, 8th ed. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.3842-3850.2005"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"contributor":[{"given":"J. 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