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In this process of expansion, the most fundamental change has been the transition from infections caused by local strains to the surge of pandemic clonal types. Pandemic clone sequence type 3 (ST3) was the only example of transcontinental spreading until 2012, when ST36 was detected outside the region where it is endemic in the U.S. Pacific Northwest causing infections along the U.S. northeast coast and Spain. Here, we used genome-wide analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the<jats:italic>V.\u00a0parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>ST36 clone over the course of its geographic expansion during the previous 25\u00a0years. The origin of this lineage was estimated to be in ~1985. By 1995, a new variant emerged in the region and quickly replaced the old clone, which has not been detected since 2000. The new Pacific Northwest (PNW) lineage was responsible for the first cases associated with this clone outside the Pacific Northwest region. After several introductions into the northeast coast, the new PNW clone differentiated into a highly dynamic group that continues to cause illness on the northeast coast of the United States. Surprisingly, the strains detected in Europe in 2012 diverged from this ancestral group around 2000 and have conserved genetic features present only in the old PNW lineage. Recombination was identified as the major driver of diversification, with some preliminary observations suggesting a trend toward a more specialized lifestyle, which may represent a critical element in the expansion of epidemics under scenarios of coastal warming.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>represent the only two instances of pandemic expansions of human pathogens originating in the marine environment. However, while the current pandemic of<jats:italic>V.\u00a0cholerae<\/jats:italic>emerged more than 50\u00a0years ago, the global expansion of<jats:italic>V.\u00a0parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>is a recent phenomenon. These modern expansions provide an exceptional opportunity to study the evolutionary process of these pathogens at first hand and gain an understanding of the mechanisms shaping the epidemic dynamics of these diseases, in particular, the emergence, dispersal, and successful introduction in new regions facilitating global spreading of infections. In this study, we used genomic analysis to examine the evolutionary divergence that has occurred over the course of the most recent transcontinental expansion of a pathogenic<jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>, the spreading of the<jats:italic>V.\u00a0parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>sequence type 36 clone from the region where it is endemic on the Pacific coast of North America to the east coast of the United States and finally to the west coast of Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01425-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]],"date-time":"2017-11-15T01:10:24Z","timestamp":1510708224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Genomic Variation and Evolution of<i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/i>ST36 over the Course of a Transcontinental Epidemic Expansion"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6219-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Martinez-Urtaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2605-6518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronny","family":"van Aerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Abanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Haendiges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquin","family":"Trinanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Systems, Technological Research Institute, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"National Oceanic &amp; Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Baker-Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4568-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narjol","family":"Gonzalez-Escalona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Methods and Subtyping Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00847.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003714"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/529148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.3.1521-1526.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2009.00096.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"418","article-title":"Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food\u201410 states, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2010","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 2010. 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