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Despite the clinical importance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , how gene and protein expression are coordinated with growth remains poorly defined. Here, we profiled transcript, protein, and tRNA pool dynamics across distinct phases of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth. Differences in protein abundance and corresponding mRNA levels suggested growth phase-dependent posttranscriptional regulation. Growth-associated genes exhibited biased synonymous codon usage, with ribosomal and glycolytic proteins enriched in low-abundance codons read by queuosine-modifiable tRNAs. Analysis of tRNA modification and tRNA isoacceptor abundance revealed growth phase-dependent changes, particularly in anticodon stem-loop modifications that influence synonymous codon translation. Changes in queuosine levels preceded shifts in ribosomal proteins, suggesting a contribution to codon-biased translation. Collectively, these findings reveal growth phase-associated remodeling of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      tRNA pool and support a model in which queuosine-dependent translational reprogramming shapes protein expression during bacterial growth.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                        is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections. Despite its clinical importance, a comprehensive understanding of the organism\u2019s physiology and adaptation to environmental changes remains incomplete. Here, we characterized protein, transcript, and tRNA dynamics across bacterial growth phases, uncovering a role for posttranscriptional regulation marked by tRNA reprogramming and biased synonymous codon usage. These findings enhance our understanding of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                        growth and support a model of translational reprogramming therein.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01474-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:01:17Z","timestamp":1788181277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth-dependent tRNA reprogramming and codon bias link translation to metabolic state in\n                    <i>Enterococcus faecalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5036-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle 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