{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:40:31Z","timestamp":1791416431815,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]],"date-time":"2014-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The bacterium\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is one of the leading causes of fatal infections affecting humans. Intriguingly, phylogenetic analysis shows that the species constitutes one evolutionary lineage in a cluster of the otherwise commensal\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strains, with which humans live in harmony. In a comparative analysis of 35 genomes, including phylogenetic analyses of all predicted genes, we have shown that the pathogenic pneumococcus has evolved into a master of genomic flexibility while lineages that evolved into the nonpathogenic\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    secured harmonious coexistence with their host by stabilizing an approximately 15%-reduced genome devoid of many virulence genes. Our data further provide evidence that interspecies gene transfer between\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    occurs in a unidirectional manner, i.e., from\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    to\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . Import of genes from\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and other mitis, anginosus, and salivarius group streptococci ensured allelic replacements and antigenic diversification and has been driving the evolution of the remarkable structural diversity of capsular polysaccharides of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . Our study explains how the unique structural diversity of the pneumococcal capsule emerged and conceivably will continue to increase and reveals a striking example of the fragile border between the commensal and pathogenic lifestyles. While genomic plasticity enabling quick adaptation to environmental stress is a necessity for the pathogenic streptococci, the commensal lifestyle benefits from stability.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    One of the leading causes of fatal infections affecting humans,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and the commensal\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    are closely related obligate symbionts associated with hominids. Faced with a shortage of accessible hosts, the two opposing lifestyles evolved in parallel. We have shown that the nonpathogenic\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    secured harmonious coexistence with its host by stabilizing a reduced genome devoid of many virulence genes. Meanwhile, the pathogenic pneumococcus evolved into a master of genomic flexibility and imports genes from\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and other related streptococci. This process ensured antigenic diversification and has been driving the evolution of the remarkable structural diversity of capsular polysaccharides of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , which conceivably will continue to increase and present a challenge to disease prevention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01490-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,17]],"date-time":"2014-07-17T14:28:59Z","timestamp":1405607339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Parallel Evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis to Pathogenic and Mutualistic Lifestyles"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mogens","family":"Kilian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Br\u00fcggemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Tettelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-7-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03183.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-013-0047-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis703"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01718.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(00)00171-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00167.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00303-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06345.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01723.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.3.5.517-522.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01746-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"58","article-title":"Cell surface proteins in S. pneumoniae, S. mitis and S. oralis","volume":"3","author":"Madhour A","year":"2011","unstructured":"MadhourA MaurerP HakenbeckR . 2011. 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