{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:52:35Z","timestamp":1784177555200,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]],"date-time":"2017-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Carbadox is an antibiotic used to control dysentery and promote growth in swine in the United States; however, the drug also causes tumors and birth defects in laboratory animals. Despite this and because the drug has no analogs in human medicine, it is not considered \u201cmedically important\u201d and can be used in livestock without veterinarian oversight. In their recent study, T. A. Johnson et al. (mBio 8:e00709-17, 2017,\n https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00709-17<\/jats:ext-link>\n ) demonstrated that carbadox has profound effects on the swine gut microbiome, including the induction of transducing phage carrying tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and beta-lactam resistance genes. In swine production, carbadox can be used in conjunction with other antibiotics (e.g., oxytetracycline) that could fuel the emergence of strains carrying phage-encoded resistance determinants. Johnson et al.\u2019s findings underscore the potential unforeseen consequences of using antibiotics in livestock production and call into question our current methods for classifying whether or not a veterinary drug has relevance to human health.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01490-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T00:10:52Z","timestamp":1506471052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bacterial Whack-a-Mole: Reconsidering the Public Health Relevance of Using Carbadox in Food Animals"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8746-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lance B.","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, and Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Bad bugs, no drugs: as antibiotic discovery stagnates, a public health crisis brews - July 2004","author":"Infectious Diseases Society of America","year":"2004","unstructured":"Infectious Diseases Society of America . 2004. Bad bugs, no drugs: as antibiotic discovery stagnates, a public health crisis brews - July 2004. Infectious Diseases Society of America, Arlington, VA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197609092951103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Report of the Joint Committee on the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (\u201cSwann Report\u201d)","author":"Swann MMB","year":"1969","unstructured":"Swann MMB Field HI Howie JW Lucas IAM Millar ELM Murdoch JC Parsons JH White EG . 1969. Report of the Joint Committee on the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (\u201cSwann Report\u201d). Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office, London, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Putting meat on the table: industrial farm animal production in America","author":"The Pew Charitable Trusts","year":"2008","unstructured":"The Pew Charitable Trusts . 2008. Putting meat on the table: industrial farm animal production in America. The Pew Charitable Trusts, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Antimicrobials in agriculture and the environment: reducing unnecessary use and waste","author":"Review on Antimicrobial Resistance","year":"2015","unstructured":"Review on Antimicrobial Resistance . 2015. Antimicrobials in agriculture and the environment: reducing unnecessary use and waste. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, London, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","volume-title":"Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine, 5th revision 2016. Ranking of medically important antimicrobials for risk management of antimicrobial resistance due to non-human use","author":"WHO Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AGISAR)","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AGISAR) . 2017. Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine, 5th revision 2016. Ranking of medically important antimicrobials for risk management of antimicrobial resistance due to non-human use. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00709-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"Withdrawal of enrofloxacin for poultry","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2014","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration . 2014. Withdrawal of enrofloxacin for poultry. US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/AnimalVeterinary\/SafetyHealth\/RecallsWithdrawals\/ucm042004.htm ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1601.090729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"FDA takes steps to withdraw approval of the swine drug carbadox due to safety concerns","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2016","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration . 2016. FDA takes steps to withdraw approval of the swine drug carbadox due to safety concerns. US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/newsevents\/newsroom\/pressannouncements\/ucm494934.htm ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"NADA 141-211. Combined use of Mecadox 10 (carbadox) and Terramycin 50, Terramycin 100, and Terramycin 200 (oxytetracycline) in swine feeds","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2004","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration . 2004. NADA 141-211. Combined use of Mecadox 10 (carbadox) and Terramycin 50, Terramycin 100, and Terramycin 200 (oxytetracycline) in swine feeds. US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AnimalVeterinary\/Products\/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts\/FOIADrugSummaries\/ucm118005.pdf ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01490-17","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01490-17","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T03:43:07Z","timestamp":1646710987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.01490-17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.01490-17"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01490-17","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-09-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01490-17"}}