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Over years to decades,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    adapts genetically as it establishes chronic lung infections. Nonsynonymous mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>lasR<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the quorum-sensing (QS) master regulator, are common in CF. In laboratory strains of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , LasR activates transcription of dozens of genes, including that for another QS regulator, RhlR. Despite the frequency with which\n                    <jats:italic>lasR<\/jats:italic>\n                    coding variants have been reported to occur in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    CF isolates, little is known about their consequences for QS. We sequenced\n                    <jats:italic>lasR<\/jats:italic>\n                    from 2,583\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    CF isolates. The\n                    <jats:italic>lasR<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences of 580 isolates (22%) coded for polypeptides that differed from the conserved LasR polypeptides of well-studied laboratory strains. This collection included 173 unique\n                    <jats:italic>lasR<\/jats:italic>\n                    coding variants, 116 of which were either missense or nonsense mutations. We studied 31 of these variants. About one-sixth of the variant LasR proteins were functional, including 3 with nonsense mutations, and in some LasR-null isolates, genes that are LasR dependent in laboratory strains were nonetheless expressed. Furthermore, about half of the LasR-null isolates retained RhlR activity. Therefore, in some CF isolates the QS hierarchy is altered such that RhlR quorum sensing is independent of LasR regulation. Our analysis challenges the view that QS-silent\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is selected during the course of a chronic CF lung infection. Rather, some\n                    <jats:italic>lasR<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequence variants retain functionality, and many employ an alternate QS strategy involving RhlR.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    Chronic\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infections, such as those in patients with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis, are notable in that mutants with defects in the quorum-sensing transcription factor LasR frequently arise. In laboratory strains of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , quorum sensing activates transcription of dozens of genes, many of which encode virulence factors, such as secreted proteases and hydrogen cyanide synthases. In well-studied laboratory strains, LasR-null mutants have a quorum-sensing-deficient phenotype. Therefore, the presence of LasR variants in chronic infections has been interpreted to indicate that quorum-sensing-regulated products are not important for those infections. We report that some\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    LasR variant clinical isolates are not LasR-null mutants, and others have uncoupled a second quorum-sensing system, the RhlR system, from LasR regulation. In these uncoupled isolates, RhlR independently activates at least some quorum-sensing-dependent genes. Our findings suggest that quorum sensing plays a role in chronic\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infections, despite the emergence of LasR coding variants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01513-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,4]],"date-time":"2016-10-04T21:10:44Z","timestamp":1475615444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":285,"title":["LasR Variant Cystic Fibrosis Isolates Reveal an Adaptable Quorum-Sensing Hierarchy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"John B.","family":"Feltner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Christine","family":"Groleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Smalley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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