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Conversely, in immunocompetent individuals,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      establishes a latent pulmonary infection characterized by a paucity of clinical symptoms. Using a mouse inhalation model of latent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, we previously showed that CD4 T cells are necessary for preventing fungal proliferation in the lungs. In the current study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and found that the CD4 T-cell response was both highly heterogeneous and dichotomous during pulmonary\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, with concomitant expression of genes related to Th1 polarization (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Tbx21<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ifng<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and immune regulation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ctla4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). First, we demonstrated that cells with Th1-like phenotypes are necessary and sufficient to control latent infection via adoptive transfer of Tbet-positive cells into infection-matched CD4-depleted recipient mice. Second, scRNA-seq analysis revealed that the subpopulation of effector CD4 T cells that co-expressed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ctla4<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Gata3<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly higher than a subpopulation that co-expressed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ctla4<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Tbx21<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Furthermore, our data suggested that CTLA-4 upregulation is beneficial against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection as CTLA-4 blockade promoted fungal proliferation. Thus, we propose a model wherein Th1 control of latent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection is supported by CTLA-4 suppression of detrimental Th2 activation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CD4 T cells are a critical part of the adaptive immune response in many infections. Upon inhalation of the fungal pathogen\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , CD4 T cells are necessary to control the initial latent infection and prevent disease. In immunocompromised individuals that lack CD4 T cells, the initial infection in the lungs can spread to the brain and cause lethal meningitis. In this study, we show that the CD4 T cells present during latent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection are heterogeneous with expression of diverse polarization and immune regulation markers that function in concert to prevent disease. Our studies highlight the previously unappreciated diversity and complex regulation of the CD4 T-cell response that is required to prevent disease in this important fungal pathogen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01528-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:01:56Z","timestamp":1784725316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Paradoxical Th1 activation and CTLA-4 regulation is beneficial during latent cryptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-8157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M.","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1401-8311","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J.","family":"Drnevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047426m28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Roy J. 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