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Several key\n            <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n            virulence genes are clustered in\n            <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n            pathogenicity island 1. This important locus also contains\n            <jats:italic>orfX<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>lmo0206<\/jats:italic>\n            ), a gene of unknown function. Here, we found that OrfX is a small, secreted protein whose expression is positively regulated by PrfA, the major transcriptional activator of\n            <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n            virulence genes. We provide evidence that OrfX is a virulence factor that dampens the oxidative response of infected macrophages, which contributes to intracellular survival of bacteria. OrfX is targeted to the nucleus and interacts with the regulatory protein RybP. We show that in macrophages, the expression of OrfX decreases the level of RybP, which controls cellular infection. Collectively, these data reveal that\n            <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n            targets RybP and evades macrophage oxidative stress for efficient infection. Altogether, OrfX is after LntA, the second virulence factor acting directly in the nucleus.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            is a model bacterium that has been successfully used over the last 30\u00a0years to refine our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and tissular mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. The major virulence factors of pathogenic\n            <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n            species are located on a single chromosomal locus. Here, we report that the last gene of this locus encodes a small secreted nucleomodulin, OrfX, that is required for bacterial survival within macrophages and in the infected host. This work demonstrates that the production of OrfX contributes to limiting the host innate immune response by dampening the oxidative response of macrophages. We also identify a target of OrfX, RybP, which is an essential pleiotropic regulatory protein of the cell, and uncover its role in host defense. Our data reinforce the view that the secretion of nucleomodulins is an important strategy used by microbial pathogens to promote infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01550-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:10:14Z","timestamp":1509495014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["OrfX, a Nucleomodulin Required for\n            <i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>\n            Virulence"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Prokop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 des Interactions Bact\u00e9ries-Cellules, Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Gouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 des Interactions Bact\u00e9ries-Cellules, Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Villiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 des Interactions Bact\u00e9ries-Cellules, Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Anne","family":"Nahori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 des Interactions Bact\u00e9ries-Cellules, Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Vincentelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, UMR7257, AFMB, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lodie","family":"Duval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 des Interactions Bact\u00e9ries-Cellules, Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Cossart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 des Interactions Bact\u00e9ries-Cellules, Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dussurget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 des Interactions Bact\u00e9ries-Cellules, Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U604, Paris, France"},{"name":"INRA, USC2020, Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"La list\u00e9riose de la femme enceinte et du nouveau-n\u00e9 en France: \u00e9volution de 1984 \u00e0 2006","volume":"14","author":"Goulet V","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goulet V Laurent E . 2008. 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