{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:26:44Z","timestamp":1790141204198,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["67021-26598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67021-26598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F22AC01810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F22AC01810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006238","name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Q2196012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q2196012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009083","name":"College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013233","name":"College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In environmental ecosystems, vitamin concentrations are often exceedingly low, and auxotrophy, or reliance on exogenous vitamins or vitamin precursors, is widespread. We show here that the widespread harmful algal bloom (HAB) species\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microcystis aeruginosa,<\/jats:italic>\n                      threatening freshwater aquatic ecosystems globally, releases a complex mixture of thiamin antivitamins, including bacimethrin and methoxythiamin, which induce thiamin deficiency in the model green alga\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Putative biosynthetic genes for bacimethrin were upregulated in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      when grown in co-culture, resulting in a greater production of bacimethrin. Bacimethrin, methoxythiamin, oxidized forms of thiamin and methoxythiamin, and a novel structural homolog of bacimethrin were all found at elevated levels in the co-culture exometabolome extracts and were all inhibitory to the growth of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. reinhardtii<\/jats:italic>\n                      individually at very low concentrations and as a mixture in culture medium extracts. The thiamin-requiring mutant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. reinhardtii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , CC-25, was much more sensitive to bacimethrin and methoxythiamin than the wild-type. Thiamin addition largely rescued the inhibitory effects of exposure to antivitamins in both the wild-type and mutant strains. Finally, we determined that bacimethrin is present in aquatic environments and is elevated during\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microcystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      blooms. Thus, allelopathic suppression of competitors, particularly those that are auxotrophic for thiamin, by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      via the production of antivitamins in environments where thiamin availability is low, could help this species to become dominant and form blooms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The frequent reliance of aquatic microorganisms on exogenous vitamins leaves them potentially vulnerable to antimetabolites that mimic vitamins. We show that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microcystis aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        , a common freshwater harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, makes and releases a chemical that mimics the required vitamin thiamin (vitamin B1) and one of its precursors. In the laboratory, these chemicals, along with related ones, can harm other algae. Production of these chemicals may help\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microcystis aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        thrive under conditions where thiamin is scarce and forms toxic blooms. HABs threaten and kill fish and other aquatic animals, as well as contaminate drinking water. Discovery of a role for antivitamins in freshwater HAB formation could lead to new strategies to prevent or control HABs.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01608-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T08:31:32Z","timestamp":1751445092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Harmful algal bloom species\n                    <i>Microcystis aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    releases thiamin antivitamins to suppress competitors"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8466-6368","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Suffridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ysfqy60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University","place":["Corvallis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3138-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cait M.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"St. John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ysfqy60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University","place":["Corvallis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchika","family":"Bhawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey W.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7846-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0813-302X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beth A.","family":"Ahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0040-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00529-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01511-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40360-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00097-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806425115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009566107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.70021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01459-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120710-100912"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.606342"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/692168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01760-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2016.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914343107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4039(96)01445-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900964106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26194-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi500281a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.40.1431"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11554\/antibioticsa.14.3_161"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(01)00373-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008115818348"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5lc00727e"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.140046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12899"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-017-0276-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20170437"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.5b01300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02682257"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-2993(99)80026-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/47.5.531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.31.060180.003121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1np00065a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/173356b0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101847"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00379-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3394\/0380-1330(2007)33[279:SRMOAM]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11554\/antibioticsa.16.5_179"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-016-0927-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070747"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208965200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12922"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408410902823705"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501526102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08476-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.876726"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705786105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404284200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiad166"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10949"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13640"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1966.11.3.0410"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-111-1-1"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.01608-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.01608-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T13:02:38Z","timestamp":1755090158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mbio.01608-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Terry C.","family":"Hazen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mbio.01608-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01608-25","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.04.17.649140","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01608-25"}}