{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:32:06Z","timestamp":1790897526901,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-05996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-05996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Farncombe Family","award":["Chair in Phage Biology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Chair in Phage Biology"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The bactericidal nature of obligately lytic bacterial viruses (phages) is of increasing interest for the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections, often alongside antibiotics. By contrast, temperate phages are largely ignored due to their ability to lie dormant within the bacterial host. However, these phages often undergo a lytic cycle. Furthermore, in their dormant state, they switch to lytic replication in response to triggers, such as antibiotics, that stress the bacterial host. Recent reports of antibiotics synergizing with temperate phages\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , termed \u201ctemperate phage-antibiotic synergy\u201d (tPAS), present a potentially scalable opportunity to make use of these abundant entities in therapy. Here, we employ\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a model to test the efficacy of temperate phages.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , temperate phage Hali alone results in 60% dormancy in the bacterial survivors. However, the antibiotic ciprofloxacin can abolish dormancy of the phage\u2014even in a ciprofloxacin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      clinical strain. The phage Hali-ciprofloxacin pairing increased the lifespan of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected worms to that of the uninfected control, at doses where neither the phage nor the antibiotic had any effect alone. Complete rescue was also observed in worms infected with a phage-carrying strain treated with the otherwise ineffective antibiotic, supporting that the phage\u2014even in its dormant form\u2014can greatly enhance antibiotic effectiveness. This illustrates potential \u201caccidental\u201d phage therapy when antibiotics are prescribed. As the first\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstration of tPAS, our work establishes\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a model for studying it, greatly expanding the therapeutic potential of temperate phages.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacterial viruses (phages), which can go dormant in their host, are not considered suitable for phage therapy. Building on prior work showing antibiotics synergize with these phages by preventing dormancy, we test the ability of temperate phages\u2014in combination with antibiotics\u2014in an animal model of infection. Not only were the combinations extremely effective at doses that would do nothing alone, even when the bacterium was resistant to the antibiotics\u2014but we also found that whether the dormant phage pre-existed (as it does in about 75% of bacteria) or not determined the success of antibiotic treatments, suggesting many antibiotic treatments are already a form of \u201caccidental\u201d phage therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01621-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T12:00:27Z","timestamp":1755518427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Temperate phages increase antibiotic effectiveness in a\n                    <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>\n                    infection model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6590-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabia","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayatri","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Mayol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley T.","family":"MacNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7058-6006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Hynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Michael G. 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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the biofilm-degrading Pseudomonas phage Motto, as a candidate for phage therapy. 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